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(take general view of)

  • 1 view

    1. noun
    1) (range of vision) Sicht, die

    have a clear/distant view of something — etwas deutlich/in der Ferne sehen können

    be out of/in view — nicht zu sehen/zu sehen sein

    come into view — in Sicht kommen

    2) (what is seen) Aussicht, die

    the views from here — die Aussicht von hier

    3) (picture) Ansicht, die

    photographic view — Foto, das

    4) (opinion) Ansicht, die

    what is your view or are your views on this? — was meinst du dazu?

    don't you have any view[s] about it? — hast du keine Meinung dazu?

    the general/majority view is that... — die Allgemeinheit/Mehrheit ist der Ansicht, dass...

    have or hold views about or on something — eine Meinung über etwas (Akk.) haben

    hold or take the view that... — der Ansicht sein, dass...

    I take a different view — ich bin anderer Ansicht

    take a critical/grave/optimistic view of something — etwas kritisch/ernst/optimistisch beurteilen

    5)

    be on view — [Waren, Haus:] besichtigt werden können; [Bauplan:] [zur Einsicht] ausliegen

    in view of something — (fig.) angesichts einer Sache

    with a view to or with a or the view of doing something — in der Absicht, etwas zu tun

    with a view to something — (fig.) mit etwas im Auge

    with this in view — in Anbetracht dessen; see also academic.ru/56438/point">point I 1.

    6) (survey) Betrachtung, die; (of house, site) Besichtigung, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) (look at) sich (Dat.) ansehen
    2) (consider) betrachten; beurteilen [Situation, Problem]

    viewed in this light... — so gesehen...

    3) (inspect) besichtigen
    3. intransitive verb
    (Telev.) fernsehen
    * * *
    [vju:] 1. noun
    1) ((an outlook on to, or picture of) a scene: Your house has a fine view of the hills; He painted a view of the harbour.) die (An)Sicht
    2) (an opinion: Tell me your view/views on the subject.) die Ansicht
    3) (an act of seeing or inspecting: We were given a private view of the exhibition before it was opened to the public.) die Besichtigung
    2. verb
    (to look at, or regard (something): She viewed the scene with astonishment.) betrachten
    - viewer
    - viewpoint
    - in view of
    - on view
    - point of view
    * * *
    [vju:]
    I. n
    1. no pl (sight) Sicht f
    in full \view of all the spectators vor den Augen aller Zuschauer
    to block [or obstruct] sb's \view jds Sicht behindern
    to come into \view in Sicht kommen, sichtbar werden
    to disappear from [or out of] \view [in der Ferne] verschwinden
    to hide [or shield] from \view sich akk dem Blick entziehen
    the house is hidden from \view behind a high hedge das Haus liegt den Blicken entzogen hinter einer hohen Hecke
    to keep sb/sth in \view jdn/etw im Auge behalten
    2. (panorama) [Aus]blick m, Aussicht f
    we have a clear \view of the sea wir haben freien Blick aufs Meer
    the \view from our living room over the valley is breathtaking der [Aus]blick von unserem Wohnzimmer über das Tal ist atemberaubend
    he paints rural \views er malt ländliche Motive
    he lifted his daughter up so that she could get a better \view er hob seine Tochter hoch, sodass sie besser sehen konnte
    to have a bird's-eye \view of sth etw aus der Vogelperspektive sehen
    panoramic \view Panoramablick m
    to afford a \view einen Blick [o eine Aussicht] bieten
    3. (opportunity to observe) Besichtigung f
    4. no pl (for observation)
    to be on \view works of art ausgestellt werden
    to be on \view to the public der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich sein
    5. (opinion) Ansicht f, Meinung f (about/on über + akk)
    in sb's \view nach jds Einschätzung
    what are your \views on this issue? was meinen Sie zu dieser Frage?
    it's my \view that the price is much too high meiner Meinung nach ist der Preis viel zu hoch
    exchange of \views Meinungsaustausch m
    \view of the market Markteinschätzung f
    point of \view Gesichtspunkt m, Standpunkt m
    from my point of \view... meiner Meinung nach...
    world \view Weltanschauung f
    conflicting \views widersprüchliche Meinungen
    jaundiced/prevailing \view zynische/vorherrschende Meinung
    there is a prevailing \view that... es herrscht die Ansicht, dass...
    to air one's \views seine Ansichten darlegen
    to echo [or endorse] a \view sich akk einer Meinung anschließen
    to express a \view eine Meinung ausdrücken [o zum Ausdruck bringen]
    to have [or take] a \view eine Meinung vertreten
    to have an optimistic \view of life eine optimistische Lebenseinstellung haben
    to take a dim [or poor] \view of sth nicht viel von etw dat halten
    to have [or hold] [or take] the \view that... der Meinung sein, dass...
    to have [or hold] \views about [or on] sb/sth Ansichten über jdn/etw haben
    to hold strong \views about sth über etw akk strenge Ansichten haben
    to make a \view known eine Ansicht mitteilen
    to share a \view gleicher Meinung sein, eine Ansicht teilen
    this \view is not widely shared diese Ansicht wird nicht von vielen geteilt
    ▪ in sb's \view jds Ansicht nach
    6. ( fig: perspective) Ansicht f
    from the money point of \view, the plan is very attractive but from the work point of \view, it's a disaster vom Finanziellen her gesehen ist der Plan sehr verlockend, aber von der Arbeit her ist er eine Katastrophe
    we take a very serious \view of the situation wir nehmen die Situation sehr ernst
    to take a long-/short-term \view eine langfristige/vorläufige Perspektive einnehmen
    to take an overall \view of sth etw von allen Seiten betrachten
    ▪ in \view of sth angesichts [o in Anbetracht] einer S. gen
    ▪ with a \view to doing sth mit der Absicht, etw zu tun
    7. (idea) Vorstellung f
    have you anything in \view for when you leave college? hast du [schon] irgendeine Idee, was du machen willst, wenn du vom College abgehst?
    II. vt
    1. (watch)
    ▪ to \view sth [from sth] etw [von etw dat aus] betrachten; (as a spectator) etw dat [von etw dat aus] zusehen [ o bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ zuschauen
    2. ( fig: consider)
    ▪ to \view sb/sth [as sb/sth] jdn/etw [als jdn/etw] betrachten
    we \view the situation with concern wir betrachten die Lage mit Besorgnis
    to \view sth from a different angle etw aus einem anderen Blickwinkel betrachten
    ▪ to \view sth sich dat etw ansehen
    to \view a flat/a house eine Wohnung/ein Haus besichtigen
    * * *
    [vjuː]
    1. n
    1) (= range of vision) Sicht f

    the ship came into view —

    the cameraman had a job keeping the plane in view — der Kameramann fand es schwierig, das Flugzeug zu verfolgen

    to go out of view — außer Sicht kommen, verschwinden

    the house is within view of the sea —

    hidden from view — verborgen, versteckt

    on view (for purchasing) — zur Ansicht; (of exhibits) ausgestellt

    2) (= prospect, sight) Aussicht f

    there is a splendid view from here/from the top — von hier/von der Spitze hat man einen herrlichen Blick or eine wunderschöne Aussicht

    a view over... — ein Blick m über... (acc)

    he stood up to get a better view — er stand auf, um besser sehen zu können

    3) (= photograph etc) Ansicht f (ALSO COMPUT)

    views of London — Ansichten pl or Stadtbilder pl von London

    4) (= opinion) Ansicht f, Meinung f

    to take the view that... — die Ansicht vertreten, dass...

    See:
    → point
    5)

    (= mental survey) an idealistic view of the world — eine idealistische Welt(an)sicht

    a general or overall view of a problem —

    in view of — wegen (+gen), angesichts (+gen)

    at first view —

    we must not lose from view the fact that... I'll keep it in view — wir dürfen die Tatsache nicht aus dem Auge verlieren, dass... ich werde es im Auge behalten

    6) (= intention, plan) Absicht f

    with a view to doing sth — mit der Absicht, etw zu tun

    he has the weekend in view when he says... — er denkt an das Wochenende, wenn er sagt...

    2. vt
    1) (= see) betrachten
    2) (= examine) house besichtigen
    3) (= consider) problem etc sehen
    4) (COMPUT: command) anzeigen
    3. vi
    (= watch television) fernsehen
    * * *
    view [vjuː]
    A v/t
    1. obs sehen, erblicken
    2. (sich) etwas ansehen, besichtigen, in Augenschein nehmen:
    view a flat eine Wohnung besichtigen
    3. prüfen, untersuchen ( beide auch JUR)
    4. fig (an)sehen, auffassen, betrachten, beurteilen ( alle:
    as als)
    B v/i fernsehen
    C s
    1. Besichtigung f, Inaugenscheinnahme f:
    at first view auf den ersten Blick;
    on nearer view bei näherer Betrachtung;
    be plain to (the) view gut sichtbar sein
    2. Prüfung f, Untersuchung f ( auch JUR)
    3. Sicht f (auch fig):
    a) in Sicht, sichtbar,
    b) fig in (Aus)Sicht;
    in view of fig im Hinblick auf (akk), in Anbetracht oder angesichts (gen);
    in full view of direkt vor jemandes Augen;
    get a full view of etwas ganz zu sehen bekommen;
    on view zu besichtigen(d), ausgestellt;
    on the long view fig auf weite Sicht;
    out of view außer Sicht, nicht mehr zu sehen;
    come in view in Sicht kommen, sichtbar werden;
    have in view fig im Auge haben, denken an (akk), beabsichtigen;
    keep sth in view fig etwas im Auge behalten;
    lose view of aus den Augen verlieren;
    there is no view of success es besteht keine Aussicht auf Erfolg
    4. a) (Aus)Sicht f, (Aus-)Blick m (of, over auf akk):
    there is a grand view of the mountains from here von hier hat man einen herrlichen Blick auf die Berge
    b) Szenerie f, Blick m
    5. MAL, FOTO Ansicht f, Bild n:
    6. (kritischer) Überblick (of über akk)
    7. Absicht f:
    a) mit oder in der Absicht ( doing zu tun), zu dem Zwecke (gen), um zu (inf),
    b) im Hinblick auf (akk)
    8. (of, on) Ansicht f, Meinung f, Urteil n (von, über akk), Auffassung f (von):
    view of life Lebensanschauung f;
    in my view in meinen Augen, meines Erachtens;
    what is your view on …? was halten Sie von …?, wie beurteilen Sie …?;
    be of ( oder take) the view that … der Ansicht sein oder die Ansicht vertreten, dass …;
    it is my view that … ich bin der Ansicht, dass …;
    be of the same view der gleichen Ansicht sein;
    form a view on sich ein Urteil bilden über (akk);
    hold extreme views extreme Ansichten vertreten;
    take a bright (dim, grave, strong) view of etwas optimistisch (pessimistisch, ernst, hart) beurteilen
    9. Vorführung f:
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (range of vision) Sicht, die

    have a clear/distant view of something — etwas deutlich/in der Ferne sehen können

    be out of/in view — nicht zu sehen/zu sehen sein

    2) (what is seen) Aussicht, die
    3) (picture) Ansicht, die

    photographic view — Foto, das

    4) (opinion) Ansicht, die

    what is your view or are your views on this? — was meinst du dazu?

    don't you have any view[s] about it? — hast du keine Meinung dazu?

    the general/majority view is that... — die Allgemeinheit/Mehrheit ist der Ansicht, dass...

    have or hold views about or on something — eine Meinung über etwas (Akk.) haben

    hold or take the view that... — der Ansicht sein, dass...

    take a critical/grave/optimistic view of something — etwas kritisch/ernst/optimistisch beurteilen

    5)

    be on view — [Waren, Haus:] besichtigt werden können; [Bauplan:] [zur Einsicht] ausliegen

    in view of something — (fig.) angesichts einer Sache

    with a view to or with a or the view of doing something — in der Absicht, etwas zu tun

    with a view to something — (fig.) mit etwas im Auge

    with this in view — in Anbetracht dessen; see also point I 1.

    6) (survey) Betrachtung, die; (of house, site) Besichtigung, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) (look at) sich (Dat.) ansehen
    2) (consider) betrachten; beurteilen [Situation, Problem]

    viewed in this light... — so gesehen...

    3) (inspect) besichtigen

    ask to view something — darum bitten, etwas besichtigen zu dürfen

    3. intransitive verb
    (Telev.) fernsehen
    * * *
    v.
    betrachten v.
    prüfen v.
    sehen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: sah, gesehen) (in regard to) n.
    Hinblick -e m. (of) n.
    Betrachtungsweise f. n.
    Anblick -e m.
    Anschauung f.
    Ansicht -en f.
    Auffassung f.
    Aussicht -en f.
    Betrachtung f.
    Blick -e m.

    English-german dictionary > view

  • 2 view

    {vju:}
    I. 1. гледка, изглед, вид, илюстрована картичка
    2. гледане, зрително поле, кръгозор
    at one VIEW с един поглед
    in VIEW които се вижда/предвижда/предстои
    the end in VIEW целта, която се преследва
    in full VIEW of пред очите/погледа на, пред самия
    to come in VIEW of виждам, съзирам, пред очите ми се открива, бивам видян/съзрян от
    to come into VIEW появявам се, задавам се, изниквам, възниквам
    to burst on someone's VIEW изпречвам се пред (очите на) някого
    to keep in VIEW не изпyскам от очи, имам предвид
    to pass from someone's VIEW скривам се от погледа на
    3. представа, идея
    to form a clear VIEW of съставям си ясна представа за
    4. възглед, мнение, схващане, гледище (on)
    in my VIEW според мен, по мое мнение
    to take the VIEW that на мнение съм/смятам, че
    to take a dim/poor VIEW of не вярвам, че ще излезе нещо от, гледам скептично/неодобрително на
    to take the short VIEW мисля само за настоящето, проявявам късогледство
    to take the long VIEW гледам/виждам нещата в перспектива
    to meet/fall in with someone's VIEWs съгласен съм с, приемам мнението/идеите и пр. на някого
    to take a different/grave/light/sober, etc. VIEW of гледам по-иначе/сериозно/леко/трезво и пр. на
    to hold extreme VIEWs имам крайни възгледи, вземам крайни становища
    5. намерение, план, помисъл, замисъл
    in VIEW of предвид на, поради
    with a/the VIEW of, with a VIEW to c оглед на, с надежда/цел да, за да (с ger)
    6. преглед, разглеждане, обзор
    on VIEW изложен за разглеждане/на показ и пр.
    private VIEW закрита изложба (само за поканени), изложба на картини от частна колекция
    7. юр. оглед
    8. изглед, гледка, поглед
    front VIEW фасада, лице
    II. 1. гледам, разглеждам, съзерцавам
    an order to VIEW позволение за разглеждане (на обявена за продан къща и пр.)
    2. гледам на, имам отношение към, разглеждам, правя обзор на
    he VIEWs the matter in a different light той гледа на/вижда нещата по-иначе
    3. юр. правя оглед на
    4. гледам телевизия
    * * *
    {vju:} n 1. гледка, изглед, вид; илюстрована картичка; 2. гледан(2) {vju:} v 1. гледам, разглеждам; съзерцавам; an order to view по
    * * *
    съзерцавам; схващане; оглед; план; помисъл; представа; преглед; вид; възглед; разглеждане; разглеждам; гледане; гледище; гледка; гледам; замисъл; кръгозор; кроеж; намерение;
    * * *
    1. an order to view позволение за разглеждане (на обявена за продан къща и пр.) 2. at one view с един поглед 3. front view фасада, лице 4. he views the matter in a different light той гледа на/вижда нещата по-иначе 5. i. гледка, изглед, вид, илюстрована картичка 6. ii. гледам, разглеждам, съзерцавам 7. in full view of пред очите/погледа на, пред самия 8. in my view според мен, по мое мнение 9. in view of предвид на, поради 10. in view които се вижда/предвижда/предстои 11. on view изложен за разглеждане/на показ и пр 12. private view закрита изложба (само за поканени), изложба на картини от частна колекция 13. the end in view целта, която се преследва 14. to burst on someone's view изпречвам се пред (очите на) някого 15. to come in view of виждам, съзирам, пред очите ми се открива, бивам видян/съзрян от 16. to come into view появявам се, задавам се, изниквам, възниквам 17. to form a clear view of съставям си ясна представа за 18. to hold extreme views имам крайни възгледи, вземам крайни становища 19. to keep in view не изпyскам от очи, имам предвид 20. to meet/fall in with someone's views съгласен съм с, приемам мнението/идеите и пр. на някого 21. to pass from someone's view скривам се от погледа на 22. to take a different/grave/light/sober, etc. view of гледам по-иначе/сериозно/леко/трезво и пр. на 23. to take a dim/poor view of не вярвам, че ще излезе нещо от, гледам скептично/неодобрително на 24. to take the long view гледам/виждам нещата в перспектива 25. to take the short view мисля само за настоящето, проявявам късогледство 26. to take the view that на мнение съм/смятам, че 27. with a/the view of, with a view to c оглед на, с надежда/цел да, за да (с ger) 28. възглед, мнение, схващане, гледище (on) 29. гледам на, имам отношение към, разглеждам, правя обзор на 30. гледам телевизия 31. гледане, зрително поле, кръгозор 32. изглед, гледка, поглед 33. намерение, план, помисъл, замисъл 34. преглед, разглеждане, обзор 35. представа, идея 36. юр. оглед 37. юр. правя оглед на
    * * *
    view [vju:] I. n 1. гледка, изглед, вид; облик, панорама, пейзаж, картина; илюстрована картичка; \view of the sea гледка към морето; \view to the east гледка на изток; 2. гледане, зрително поле, кръгозор; at one \view с един поглед; in \view който се вижда, предстоящ; the end in \view целта, която се преследва; in \view of предвид на, поради; in full \view of пред самия; to be in \view виждам се, предстоя; to come in \view of виждам, пред очите ми се открива; бивам видян от; to come into \view появявам се, задавам се, явявам се, възниквам; to burst on s.o.'s \view изчерпвам се пред очите на; to have ( keep) in \view не си отклонявам погледа от, не изпускам от очи; имам предвид; to offer o.s. to s.o.'s \view изпречвам се пред погледа на; to pass from s.o.'s \view скривам се от погледа на; 3. представа, идея; to form a clear \view of the situation съставям си ясна представа за положението; 4. възглед, мнение, схващане, гледище (on); point of \view гледна точка, гледище; in my \view според моето мнение (мене); this is my \view of the matter това е моето мнение по въпроса; on a long \view в дългосрочна перспектива; on a short \view от гледище на най-близките, непосредствени резултати; to take a different ( favourable, grave, light, sober, etc.) \view of гледам иначе (благоприятно, сериозно, леко, трезво и пр.) на; to take an extereme \view възприемам крайно гледище, заставам на крайни позиции (of); to take the gloomy \view гледам на нещата откъм тъмната им страна; a dim ( poor) \view неодобрение, неблагоприятно мнение; a bird's eye \view птичи поглед; всеобхватен поглед; a worm's eye \view мнение на обикновен човек; ограничен поглед (of върху); 5. намерение, помисъл, замисъл, кроеж, план; with the \view of, with a \view to с оглед на; to have \views on имам планове по отношение на; will this meet your \views? отговаря ли това на твоите намерения? 6. преглед, разглеждане; to have a \view of правя преглед на, преглеждам, разглеждам; to take a general \view of правя общ преглед на; on \view изложен (на показ); private \view художествена изложба само за поканени; 7. юрид. оглед; II. v 1. гледам, разглеждам; съзерцавам; to \view a spectacle гледам зрелище; an order to \view позволение за разглеждане на къща (с оглед на купуването ѝ); 2. гледам на, имам дадено отношение към; разглеждам; he \views the matter in a different light той гледа на работата иначе (по друг начин); 3. юрид. правя оглед на; 4. разг. гледам телевизия.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > view

  • 3 view

    vju:
    1. сущ.
    1) вид;
    пейзаж (тж. картина)
    2) поле зрения, кругозор to burst, come into view ≈ внезапно появиться to have/keep in view ≈ не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду out of view be in view to the view in view of
    3) точка зрения to express, present, put forward, voice a view ≈ высказать мнение по какому-л. вопросу in my view ≈ по моему мнению short views ≈ недальновидность Syn: opinion
    4) осмотр to have/take a view of smth. ≈ осмотреть что-л. on view ≈ выставленный для обозрения on the view ≈ во время осмотра, при осмотре at first view ≈ при беглом осмотре upon a closer view ≈ при внимательном рассмотрении
    5) намерение Will this meet your views? ≈ Не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям? with the view of with a view to
    2. гл.
    1) обозревать, оглядывать, осматривать
    2) оценивать, судить( о чем-л.) He views the matter in a different light. ≈ Он иначе смотрит на это. She was viewed as a serious threat to the party leadership. ≈ Она рассматривалась как серьезная угроза партийному руководству.
    3) смотреть (напр., фильм) вид, пейзаж, панорама - a room with a * of the mountains комната с видом на горы вид, пейзаж, изображение (рисунок, картина, фотоснимок) - to do a * of smth. рисовать что-л. - postcards with *s of Paris открытки с видами Парижа - to do a * of smth. рисовать что-л. видимость, поле зрения (тж. field of *) - angle of * угол зрения - lost to /passed out of/ * скрывшийся из виду /из поля зрения/ - out of * вне поля зрения - out of human * недоступный глазу человека - to the * открыто, на виду, у всех на глазах - to rise to * появиться, предстать перед глазами - to burst into /upon the/ * внезапно появиться - to fade from * постепенно исчезнуть, скрыться с глаз, растаять - in * на виду;
    в пределах видимости - to come in * (of) увидеть;
    попасть в поле зрения - he came in * of the castle он увидел замок;
    его стало видно из замка - land in *! земля (видна) ! - not a person in * никого не видно - he fell off the horse in full * of his friends он упал с лошади на глазах у друзей - the car came in /into/ * round the bend автомобиль показался из-за поворота взгляд, мнение, суждение;
    точка зрения (тж. point of *) - exchange of *s обмен мнениями - in my * по-моему;
    по моему мнению, на мой взгляд - to state one's *s on /about/ smth. изложить /высказать/ свое мнение /свои соображения/ о чем-л. pl взгляды, убеждения, воззрения - to hold extreme *s in politics придерживаться экстремистских политических взглядов оценка, суждение;
    представление - the scientific * of the world научное мировоззрение - to take a favourable * of smth. положительно оценить что-л. - to take a grave * of smth. строго осудить что-л., резко отрицательно отнестись к чему-л. - he takes a different * он придерживается иного мнения, он смотрит на это иначе - his * is that we are wrong он считает, что мы неправы - the lawyer hasn't yet formed a clear * of the case адвокат еще не составил себе четкого представления о деле - this poet's depressing * of life мрачное мироощущение этого поэта цель, намерение;
    план, предположение, замысел - in * с целью, с намерением;
    в надежде, с расчетом - he wants to find work, but he has nothing particular in * он хочет найти работу, но у него нет никаких конкретных планов /он не имеет ничего конкретного/ - do you have anything in * for tomorrow? какие у вас планы на завтра?, что вы намерены делать завтра? - he did it with a * to /with the * of/ saving trouble он сделал это с тем, чтобы избежать неприятностей - the law has two objects in * закон преследует две цели - to have *s on a rich man's daughter иметь виды на богатую невесту - I have *s on a meal at the next town я рассчитываю пообедать в ближайшем городе перспектива;
    предвидимое будущее - to muster troops with a * to imminent war мобилизовать войска в предвидении неизбежной войны - to keep /to have/ smth. in * иметь что-л. в виду, рассчитывать на что-л. - to have some pleasure in * предвкушать что-л. приятное - with no * of success никакой перспективы на успех - no hope in * пока никакой надежды - no alterations are in * никаких изменений не предвидится - in the long * в перспективе, в отдаленном будущем - in the short * с точки зрения ближайших результатов - to take the long * проявлять предусмотрительность /дальновидность/, заботиться о будущем - to take short *s проявлять недальновидность, не думать о будущем, не загадывать на будущее осмотр, просмотр, смотр, обозрение - a private * вернисаж - on * выставленный для обозрения - the latest fashions are now on * сейчас демонстрируются последние моды - at first * с первого взгляда - the first * would displease many на первый взгляд это многим, вероятно, не понравится - upon a closer * при ближайшем рассмотрении - I should like to get a nearer * of it я хотел бы рассмотреть это поближе - the ruin is well worth our * эти развалины стоит посмотреть (юридическое) осмотр присяжными места преступления и т. п. - the jury had a * of the body присяжные произвели осмотр тела вид, аспект, сторона, план;
    перспектива;
    проекция - front * вид спереди - top * вид сверху;
    (специальное) вид в плане - distant * (кинематографический) дальний или отдаленный план (пейзажа) - sectional * вид в разрезе - general * (специальное) общий план - perspective * (специальное) вид в перспективе, перспектива - close * изображение крупным планом - exploded * трехмерное /стереоскопическое/ изображение;
    изображение какого-л. предмета в разобранном виде - he presented quite a new * of the affair он представил дело в совершенно новом свете /плане, виде, аспекте/;
    он показал дело с совершенно другой стороны резюме;
    обзор - the author gave a brief * of his book автор дал резюме своей книги;
    автор вкратце рассказал содержание своей книги (военное) обзор - radar * зона обзора радиолокатора - air * обзор с воздуха - all-round /panoramic/ * круговой обзор > in * of ввиду( чего-л.) ;
    принимая во внимание( что-л.) ;
    с учетом( чего-л.), учитывая( что-л.) ;
    в связи( с чем-л.) > in * of recent developments, we do not think this step advisable ввиду последних событий /учитывая последние события/ мы считаем этот шаг нецелесообразным > a bird's-eye * (of smth.) вид с птичьего полета /сверху/ (на что-л.) ;
    поверхностный, неглубокий взгляд, представление и т. п. > a worm's-eye * подробное, реалистичное представление (о чем-л.) осматривать, смотреть - to * a house and grounds осмотреть дом и участок - to * pictures рассматривать /смотреть/ картины - to * the body (юридическое) произвести осмотр тела - order to * разрешение на осмотр (дома, участка и т. п.) рассматривать в определенном свете, оценивать, судить - the proposal is *ed unfavourably предложение получило отрицательную оценку - he is *ed unfavourably его считают плохим человеком - the subject may be *ed in different ways к этому вопросу можно подходить с разных сторон изучать, рассматривать - to * all sides of a question рассмотреть все аспекты вопроса, рассмотреть вопрос во всех аспектах видеть узреть;
    зреть смотреть (телевизор, кинофильм и т. п.) ~ осматривать;
    an order to view разрешение на осмотр (дома, участка и т. п.) at first ~ при беглом осмотре;
    upon a closer view при внимательном рассмотрении to be in ~ быть видимым to be in ~ предвидеться;
    certain modifications may come in view предвидятся некоторые изменения;
    in full view of everybody у всех на виду biased ~ необъективная оценка bird's eye ~ вид с птичьего полета bird's eye ~ общая перспектива we came in ~ of the bridge нас стало видно с моста;
    to burst (или to come) into view внезапно появиться to be in ~ предвидеться;
    certain modifications may come in view предвидятся некоторые изменения;
    in full view of everybody у всех на виду conceptual ~ вчт. концептуальное представление differing ~ особое мнение to exchange views (on smth.) обменяться взглядами или мнениями (по поводу чего-л.) view взгляд, мнение, точка зрения;
    in my view по моему мнению;
    to form a clear view of the situation составить себе ясное представление о положении дел ~ осмотр;
    to have (или to take) a view (of smth.) осмотреть (что-л.) ;
    on view выставленный для обозрения to the ~ (of) открыто, на виду;
    to have (или to keep) in view не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду;
    in view of ввиду;
    принимая во внимание ~ намерение;
    will this meet your views? не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?;
    to have views (on smth.) иметь виды (на что-л.) ~ рассматривать, оценивать, судить (о чем-л.) ;
    he views the matter in a different light он иначе смотрит на это to hold extreme views in politics придерживаться крайних взглядов в политике ~ вид;
    пейзаж;
    a house with a view of the sea дом видом на море to be in ~ предвидеться;
    certain modifications may come in view предвидятся некоторые изменения;
    in full view of everybody у всех на виду view взгляд, мнение, точка зрения;
    in my view по моему мнению;
    to form a clear view of the situation составить себе ясное представление о положении дел to the ~ (of) открыто, на виду;
    to have (или to keep) in view не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду;
    in view of ввиду;
    принимая во внимание legal ~ рассмотрение с правовых позиций private ~ выставка или просмотр картин (частной коллекции) ;
    on the view во время осмотра, при осмотре ~ осмотр;
    to have (или to take) a view (of smth.) осмотреть (что-л.) ;
    on view выставленный для обозрения to pass from( smb.'s) ~ скрыться из (чьего-л.) поля зрения;
    out of view вне поля зрения to pass from (smb.'s) ~ скрыться из (чьего-л.) поля зрения;
    out of view вне поля зрения short ~s недальновидность;
    to take a rose-coloured view (of smth.) смотреть сквозь розовые очки (на что-л.) to the ~ (of) открыто, на виду;
    to have (или to keep) in view не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду;
    in view of ввиду;
    принимая во внимание at first ~ при беглом осмотре;
    upon a closer view при внимательном рассмотрении view взгляд, мнение, точка зрения;
    in my view по моему мнению;
    to form a clear view of the situation составить себе ясное представление о положении дел ~ взгляд, мнение, точка зрения ~ вид;
    пейзаж;
    a house with a view of the sea дом видом на море ~ вид ~ вчт. визуализация ~ замысел ~ изображение ~ картина (особ. пейзаж) ~ мнение ~ намерение;
    will this meet your views? не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?;
    to have views (on smth.) иметь виды (на что-л.) ~ намерение ~ обзор ~ осматривать;
    an order to view разрешение на осмотр (дома, участка и т. п.) ~ осматривать ~ осмотр;
    to have (или to take) a view (of smth.) осмотреть (что-л.) ;
    on view выставленный для обозрения ~ осмотр присяжными места преступления ~ оценивать ~ оценка ~ перспектива ~ поле зрения, кругозор ~ поле зрения ~ представление ~ вчт. представление ~ вчт. просматривать ~ просмотр ~ вчт. просмотр ~ рассматривать, оценивать, судить (о чем-л.) ;
    he views the matter in a different light он иначе смотрит на это ~ рассматривать ~ смотреть (кинофильм, телепередачу и т. п.) ~ смотреть ~ суждение ~ точка зрения ~ поэт. узреть ~ цель ~ of data вчт. представление данных we came in ~ of the bridge мы увидели мост we came in ~ of the bridge нас стало видно с моста;
    to burst (или to come) into view внезапно появиться ~ намерение;
    will this meet your views? не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?;
    to have views (on smth.) иметь виды (на что-л.) with the ~ of, with a ~ to с намерением;
    с целью with the ~ of, with a ~ to с намерением;
    с целью worm's-eye ~ предельно ограниченное поле зрения;
    неспособность видеть дальше своего носа

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > view

  • 4 view

    vju: 1. noun
    1) ((an outlook on to, or picture of) a scene: Your house has a fine view of the hills; He painted a view of the harbour.) utsikt, utsyn; landskapsbilde
    2) (an opinion: Tell me your view/views on the subject.) syn, mening
    3) (an act of seeing or inspecting: We were given a private view of the exhibition before it was opened to the public.) framsyning, visning
    2. verb
    (to look at, or regard (something): She viewed the scene with astonishment.) se på, betrakte, besiktige
    - viewpoint
    - in view of
    - on view
    - point of view
    blikk
    --------
    perspektiv
    --------
    prospekt
    --------
    syn
    --------
    utsikt
    I
    subst. \/vjuː\/
    1) det å se noe, (undersøkende) blikk, titt
    2) utsikt, utsyn
    3) utsiktsbilde, fotografi, kort
    4) ( også overført) sikt, sikte(mål)
    5) oversikt, overblikk, resymé, sammenfatning
    6) synspunkt, oppfatning, mening, syn
    • his view is that...
    han er av den oppfatning at...
    fra mitt ståsted, fra mitt synspunkt
    7) ( også overført) perspektiv, ståsted, synsvinkel
    • she read the book from a different view when she knew more about its author
    når hun visste mer om forfatteren, leste hun boken fra en ny synsvinkel
    8) utsikt, forespeiling, forventning
    9) ( gammeldags eller dialekt) utseende, oppsyn
    10) utstilling, forhåndsvisning
    11) ( jus) syn, syning
    12) ( EDB) brukerutsnitt, logisk posttype, synsvinkel, websyn
    at first view ved første øyekast
    come into view eller rise into view komme i sikte, komme til syne, bli synlig
    disappear from view eller fade from view forsvinne ut av sikte
    fall in with someone's view gå med på noens planer erklære seg enig med noen, ha samme oppfatning som noen, holde med noen
    from someone's view eller from someone's point of view fra noens ståsted, fra noens synspunkt
    have something in view eller keep something in view ha noe i sikte ha noe i tankene
    have\/express views on ha meninger om, uttrykke meninger om, ha synspunkt på
    de sterke meningene hun hadde om eksotisk tømmer bygget på en dyp kjærlighet for naturen
    in any view of the case hvordan man enn snur og vender på det
    in full view godt synlig, foran alles øyne
    in full view of godt synlig, rett foran, midt foran øynene på
    in someone's view i noens øyne, fra noens ståsted i noens synsfelt
    in view for øye, i minne
    innen(for) synsvidde, i sikte
    in view of med tanke på, med hensyn til, i betraktning av innen synsvidde for, synlig for
    i forventning om, med henblikk på
    lost to view forsvunnet, forsvunnet ut av sikte
    on a\/the long view på lang sikt, på lengre sikt
    on a\/the short view på kort sikt, på kortere sikt
    on view utstilt, godt synlig
    out of view ute av syne, utenfor synsvidde
    pass from someone's view forsvinne ut av noens sikte\/syne
    point of view se ➢ point, 1
    take a\/the view of something se på noe
    take a dim view of something eller take a poor view of something ikke synes noe særlig om, ikke ha noe større til overs for, ikke være videre imponert av
    take a\/the long view være forutseende, se fremover, planlegge på lang sikt
    take a\/the short view være kortsynt, planlegge på kort sikt
    take a view of besiktige, bese
    taking a long view på lang sikt, på lengre sikt
    taking a short view på kort sikt, på kortere sikt
    view of something utsikt til noe
    with a view to med tanke på, med sikte på, med henblikk på, i den hensikt å, med noe for øye
    • both sides agreed to hand in their guns with a view to minimizing the risk of more violence
    begge partene ble enige om å levere inn våpnene i den hensikt å minimere risikoen for ytterligere voldshandlinger
    with a view to marriage ( i annonse) formål ekteskap
    II
    verb \/vjuː\/
    1) (spes. om TV) se på
    2) ( overført) betrakte, se, se på
    3) bese, ta i øyesyn, besiktige
    4) ( jus) syne
    5) ( EDB) vise

    English-Norwegian dictionary > view

  • 5 view

    1. [vju:] n
    1. вид, пейзаж, панорама
    2. вид, пейзаж, изображение (рисунок, картина, фотоснимок)

    to do [to take] a view of smth. - рисовать [фотографировать] что-л.

    to do [to take] a view of smth. - рисовать [фотографировать] что-л.

    3. видимость, поле зрения (тж. field of view)

    lost to /passed out of/ view - скрывшийся из виду /из поля зрения/

    to the view - открыто, на виду, у всех на глазах

    to rise to view - появиться, предстать перед глазами

    to burst into /upon the/ view - внезапно появиться

    to fade from view - постепенно исчезнуть, скрыться с глаз, растаять

    in view - на виду; в пределах видимости [см. тж. 6]

    to come in view (of) - а) увидеть; б) попасть в поле зрения

    he came in view of the castle - а) он увидел замок; б) его стало видно из замка

    land in view! - земля (видна)!

    he fell off the horse in full view of his friends - он упал с лошади на глазах у друзей

    the car came in /into/ view round the bend - автомобиль показался из-за поворота

    4. 1) взгляд, мнение, суждение; точка зрения (тж. point of view)

    in my view - по-моему; по моему мнению, на мой взгляд

    to state one's views on /about/ smth. - изложить /высказать/ своё мнение /свои соображения/ о чём-л.

    2) pl взгляды, убеждения, воззрения

    to hold extreme views in politics - придерживаться экстремистских политических взглядов

    5. оценка, суждение; представление

    to take a favourable view of smth. - положительно оценить что-л.

    to take a grave view of smth. - строго осудить что-л., резко отрицательно отнестись к чему-л.

    he takes a different view - он придерживается иного мнения, он смотрит на это иначе

    his view is that we are wrong - он считает, что мы неправы

    the lawyer hasn't yet formed a clear view of the case - адвокат ещё не составил себе чёткого представления о деле

    6. цель, намерение; план, предположение, замысел

    in view - а) с целью, с намерением; he wants to find work, but he has nothing particular in view - он хочет найти работу, но у него нет никаких конкретных планов /он не имеет ничего конкретного/; do you have anything in view for tomorrow? - какие у вас планы на завтра?, что вы намерены делать завтра?; he did it with a view to /with the view of/ saving trouble - он сделал это с тем, чтобы избежать неприятностей; the law has two objects in view - закон преследует две цели; б) в надежде, с расчётом; [см. тж. 3]

    I have views on a meal at the next town - я рассчитываю пообедать в ближайшем городе

    7. перспектива; предвидимое будущее

    to muster troops with a view to imminent war - мобилизовать войска в предвидении неизбежной войны

    to keep /to have/ smth. in view - иметь что-л. в виду, рассчитывать на что-л.

    to have some pleasure in view - предвкушать что-л. приятное

    in the long view - в перспективе, в отдалённом будущем

    to take the long view - проявлять предусмотрительность /дальновидность/, заботиться о будущем

    to take short views - проявлять недальновидность, не думать о будущем, не загадывать на будущее

    8. 1) осмотр, просмотр, смотр, обозрение

    the latest fashions are now on view - сейчас демонстрируются последние моды

    the first view would displease many - на первый взгляд это многим, вероятно, не понравится

    I should like to get a nearer view of it - я хотел бы рассмотреть это поближе

    2) юр. осмотр присяжными места преступления и т. п.
    9. вид, аспект, сторона, план; перспектива; проекция

    top view - а) вид сверху; б) спец. вид в плане

    distant view - кино дальний или отдалённый план ( пейзажа)

    general view - спец. общий план

    perspective view - спец. вид в перспективе, перспектива

    exploded view - а) трёхмерное /стереоскопическое/ изображение; б) изображение какого-л. предмета в разобранном виде

    he presented quite a new view of the affair - он представил дело в совершенно новом свете /плане, виде, аспекте/; он показал дело с совершенно другой стороны

    10. резюме; обзор

    the author gave a brief view of his book - автор дал резюме своей книги; автор вкратце рассказал содержание своей книги

    11. воен. обзор

    all-round /panoramic/ view - круговой обзор

    ♢ in view of - ввиду (чего-л.); принимая во внимание (что-л.); с учётом (чего-л.), учитывая (что-л.); в связи с (чем-л.)

    in view of recent developments, we do not think this step advisable - ввиду последних событий /учитывая последние события/ мы считаем этот шаг нецелесообразным

    a bird's-eye view (of smth.) - а) вид с птичьего полёта /сверху/ (на что-л.); б) поверхностный, неглубокий взгляд, представление и т. п.

    a worm's-eye view - подробное, реалистичное представление (о чём-л.)

    2. [vju:] v
    1. осматривать, смотреть

    to view pictures - рассматривать /смотреть/ картины

    to view the body - юр. произвести осмотр тела

    2. рассматривать в определённом свете, оценивать, судить

    the proposal is viewed unfavourably - предложение получило отрицательную оценку

    the subject may be viewed in different ways - к этому вопросу можно подходить с разных сторон

    3. изучать, рассматривать

    to view all sides of a question - рассмотреть все аспекты вопроса, рассмотреть вопрос во всех аспектах

    4. 1) видеть
    2) поэт. узреть; зреть
    5. смотреть (телевизор, кинофильм и т. п.)

    НБАРС > view

  • 6 view

    1. n
    1) вид; вигляд; пейзаж; зображення; краєвид
    2) поле зору, кругозір, круговид; видимість

    to be in view — бути видимим; передбачатися

    we came in view of the bridge — ми побачили міст; нас стало видно з мосту

    to have (to keep) in view — не спускати з очей, тримати в полі зору; мати на увазі

    to the view — у всіх на виду, відкрито

    to pass from smb.'s view — зникати з чиїхось очей

    3) погляд, думка, точка зору; судження

    in my view — на мій погляд, на мою думку

    4) намір, мета; задум, план

    in view — з метою, з наміром

    with the view of (to) — з наміром, з метою

    5) огляд, перегляд

    to have a view of — оглядати, обдивлятися

    6) юр. огляд присяжними місця злочину
    7) аспект, сторона, вид
    8) резюме, огляд, висновок
    9) зовнішність, зовнішній вигляд

    in view of — зважаючи на щось, через щось

    with a view to preventing (to prevent) a catastrophe — щоб відвернути катастрофу

    view day — попередній (закритий) перегляд (кінофільму, виставки тощо)

    view slit — військ. оглядова щілина (в танку тощо)

    2. v
    1) оглядати, обдивлятися; дивитися

    to view the body — юр. зробити огляд трупа

    2) поет. бачити, побачити
    3) розглядати; оцінювати; судити, мати судження
    4) дивитися (телевізор)
    * * *
    I [vjuː] n.
    1) вид, пейзаж, панорама; a room wіth a view of the mountaіns кімната з видом на гори
    2) вид, пейзаж, зображення (малюнок, картина, фотознімок); to do [to take] a view of smth. малювати [фотографувати] що-н.
    3) видимість, поле зору (тж. fіeld ofview); angle of view кут зору; out of view поза полем зору; out of human view недоступний людському оку; to the view відкрито, на очах, в усіх на очах; to rіse to view з’явитися, стати перед очима; to burst іnto /upon the/ view раптово з’явитися; to fade from view поступово зникнути, щезнути з очей; іn view на очах; у межах видимості [див. тж. 6]; to come іn view (of) побачити; потрапити в поле зору; he came іn view or the castle а) він побачив замок; його стало видно з замку; land іn view земля ( видно землю)!; he fell off the horse іn full view of hіs frіends він упав з коня на очах у друзів
    4) погляд, думка, судження; точка зору (тж. poіnt or view); exchange of view s обмін думками; іn my view по-моєму; на мій погляд; to state one’s views m /about/ smth. викласти /висловити/ свою думку /своє розуміння/ про що-н.; pl. погляди, переконання; tо hold extreme views іn polіtіcs дотримувати екстремістських політичних поглядів
    5) оцінка, судження, уявлення; the scіentіfіc view of the world науковий світогляд; to take a favourable view of smth. позитивно оцінити что-л.; to take a grave view of smth. строго засудити що-н., різко негативно поставитися до чого-н.; hіs view іs that we are wrong він вважає, що ми неправі
    6) ціль, намір; план, припущення, задум; іn view з метою, з наміром; do you have anythіng іn view for tomorrowº які у вас плани на завтраº; he dіd іt wіth a view to /wіth the view of/ savіng trouble він зробив це для того, щоб уникнути неприємностей; the law has two objects іn view закон має дві мети; у надії, з розрахунком; [див. тж. 3]; to have -s on a rіch man’s daughter мати плани щодо багатої нареченої; І have view s on a meal at the next town я розраховую пообідати в найближчому місті
    7) перспектива; майбутнє, що передбачається; to muster troops wіth a view to іmmіnent war мобілізувати війська в передбаченні неминучої війни; to keep /to have/ smth. іn view мати що-н. на увазі, розраховувати на що-н.; wіth no view of success ніякої перспективи на успіх; no alteratіons are іn view ніяких змін не передбачається; іn the long view у перспективі, у віддаленому майбутньому; іn the short view з точки зору найближчих результатів; to take the long view виявляти передбачливість /далекоглядність/, піклуватися про майбутнє; to take short views виявляти недалекоглядність, не думати про майбутнє, не загадувати на майбутнє
    8) огляд, перегляд, огляд; a prіvate view вернісаж; on view виставлений для огляду; the latest fashіons are now on view зараз демонструються останні моди; at fіrst view з першого погляду; the fіrst view would dіsplease many на перший погляд це багатьом, ймовірно, не сподобається; І should lіke to get a nearer view of іt я хотів би розглянути це ближче; the ruіn іs well worth our view ці руїни варто подивитися; юр. огляд присяжними місця злочину ; the jury had a view or the body присяжні зробили огляд тіла
    9) вид, аспект, сторона, план; перспектива; проекція; front view вид попереду; top view вид зверху; спец. вигляд у плані; dіstant view кіно далекий чи віддалений план ( пейзажу); sectіonal view вигляд у розрізі; general view спец. загальний план; perspectіve view спец. вигляд у перспективі, перспектива; close view зображення великим планом; exploded view тривимірне /стереоскопічне/ зображення; зображення якого-н. предмета в розібраному вигляді; he presented quіte a new view of the affaіr он презентував справу в зовсім новому світлі /плані, вигляді, аспекті/; він показав справу з зовсім іншої сторони
    10) резюме; огляд; the author gave abrіef view of hіs book автор дав резюме своєї книги; автор коротенько розповів зміст своєї книги
    11) військ. огляд; radar view зона огляду радіолокатора; aіr view огляд з повітря; all-round/panoramіc/ view круговий огляд; іn view of через (що-н.); беручи до уваги (що-н.); враховуючи (що-н.), з огляду на (що-н.); у зв’язку з (чим-н.); іn view of recent developments, we do not thіnk thіs step advіsable через останні події /з огляду на останні події/ ми вважаємо цей крок недоцільним; a bіrd’s-eye view (of smth.) а) вид із пташиного польоту /зверху/ (на що-н.); б) поверхневий, неглибокий погляд, уявлення ; a worm’s-eye view детальне, реалістичне уявлення (про що-н.)
    II [vjuː] v.
    1) оглядати, дивитися; to view a house and grounds оглянути будинок та ділянку; to view pіctures розглядати /дивитися/ картини; to view the body юр. зробити огляд тіла; order to view дозвіл на огляд (будинку, ділянки)
    2) розглядати у певному світлі, оцінювати, судити; the proposal іs viewed unfavourably пропозиція отримала негативну оцінку; he іs viewed unfavourably його вважають поганою людиною; the subject may be viewed іn dіfferent ways до цього питання можна підходити з різних сторін
    3) вивчати, розглядати; to view all sіdes of a questіon розглянути всі аспекти питання, розглянути питання у всіх аспектах
    4) бачити; поет. побачити; зріти
    5) дивитися (телевізор, кінофільм)

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > view

  • 7 view

    I [vjuː] n.
    1) вид, пейзаж, панорама; a room wіth a view of the mountaіns кімната з видом на гори
    2) вид, пейзаж, зображення (малюнок, картина, фотознімок); to do [to take] a view of smth. малювати [фотографувати] що-н.
    3) видимість, поле зору (тж. fіeld ofview); angle of view кут зору; out of view поза полем зору; out of human view недоступний людському оку; to the view відкрито, на очах, в усіх на очах; to rіse to view з’явитися, стати перед очима; to burst іnto /upon the/ view раптово з’явитися; to fade from view поступово зникнути, щезнути з очей; іn view на очах; у межах видимості [див. тж. 6]; to come іn view (of) побачити; потрапити в поле зору; he came іn view or the castle а) він побачив замок; його стало видно з замку; land іn view земля ( видно землю)!; he fell off the horse іn full view of hіs frіends він упав з коня на очах у друзів
    4) погляд, думка, судження; точка зору (тж. poіnt or view); exchange of view s обмін думками; іn my view по-моєму; на мій погляд; to state one’s views m /about/ smth. викласти /висловити/ свою думку /своє розуміння/ про що-н.; pl. погляди, переконання; tо hold extreme views іn polіtіcs дотримувати екстремістських політичних поглядів
    5) оцінка, судження, уявлення; the scіentіfіc view of the world науковий світогляд; to take a favourable view of smth. позитивно оцінити что-л.; to take a grave view of smth. строго засудити що-н., різко негативно поставитися до чого-н.; hіs view іs that we are wrong він вважає, що ми неправі
    6) ціль, намір; план, припущення, задум; іn view з метою, з наміром; do you have anythіng іn view for tomorrowº які у вас плани на завтраº; he dіd іt wіth a view to /wіth the view of/ savіng trouble він зробив це для того, щоб уникнути неприємностей; the law has two objects іn view закон має дві мети; у надії, з розрахунком; [див. тж. 3]; to have -s on a rіch man’s daughter мати плани щодо багатої нареченої; І have view s on a meal at the next town я розраховую пообідати в найближчому місті
    7) перспектива; майбутнє, що передбачається; to muster troops wіth a view to іmmіnent war мобілізувати війська в передбаченні неминучої війни; to keep /to have/ smth. іn view мати що-н. на увазі, розраховувати на що-н.; wіth no view of success ніякої перспективи на успіх; no alteratіons are іn view ніяких змін не передбачається; іn the long view у перспективі, у віддаленому майбутньому; іn the short view з точки зору найближчих результатів; to take the long view виявляти передбачливість /далекоглядність/, піклуватися про майбутнє; to take short views виявляти недалекоглядність, не думати про майбутнє, не загадувати на майбутнє
    8) огляд, перегляд, огляд; a prіvate view вернісаж; on view виставлений для огляду; the latest fashіons are now on view зараз демонструються останні моди; at fіrst view з першого погляду; the fіrst view would dіsplease many на перший погляд це багатьом, ймовірно, не сподобається; І should lіke to get a nearer view of іt я хотів би розглянути це ближче; the ruіn іs well worth our view ці руїни варто подивитися; юр. огляд присяжними місця злочину ; the jury had a view or the body присяжні зробили огляд тіла
    9) вид, аспект, сторона, план; перспектива; проекція; front view вид попереду; top view вид зверху; спец. вигляд у плані; dіstant view кіно далекий чи віддалений план ( пейзажу); sectіonal view вигляд у розрізі; general view спец. загальний план; perspectіve view спец. вигляд у перспективі, перспектива; close view зображення великим планом; exploded view тривимірне /стереоскопічне/ зображення; зображення якого-н. предмета в розібраному вигляді; he presented quіte a new view of the affaіr он презентував справу в зовсім новому світлі /плані, вигляді, аспекті/; він показав справу з зовсім іншої сторони
    10) резюме; огляд; the author gave abrіef view of hіs book автор дав резюме своєї книги; автор коротенько розповів зміст своєї книги
    11) військ. огляд; radar view зона огляду радіолокатора; aіr view огляд з повітря; all-round/panoramіc/ view круговий огляд; іn view of через (що-н.); беручи до уваги (що-н.); враховуючи (що-н.), з огляду на (що-н.); у зв’язку з (чим-н.); іn view of recent developments, we do not thіnk thіs step advіsable через останні події /з огляду на останні події/ ми вважаємо цей крок недоцільним; a bіrd’s-eye view (of smth.) а) вид із пташиного польоту /зверху/ (на що-н.); б) поверхневий, неглибокий погляд, уявлення ; a worm’s-eye view детальне, реалістичне уявлення (про що-н.)
    II [vjuː] v.
    1) оглядати, дивитися; to view a house and grounds оглянути будинок та ділянку; to view pіctures розглядати /дивитися/ картини; to view the body юр. зробити огляд тіла; order to view дозвіл на огляд (будинку, ділянки)
    2) розглядати у певному світлі, оцінювати, судити; the proposal іs viewed unfavourably пропозиція отримала негативну оцінку; he іs viewed unfavourably його вважають поганою людиною; the subject may be viewed іn dіfferent ways до цього питання можна підходити з різних сторін
    3) вивчати, розглядати; to view all sіdes of a questіon розглянути всі аспекти питання, розглянути питання у всіх аспектах
    4) бачити; поет. побачити; зріти
    5) дивитися (телевізор, кінофільм)

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > view

  • 8 view

    1. n вид, пейзаж, панорама
    2. n вид, пейзаж, изображение
    3. n видимость, поле зрения

    to the view — открыто, на виду, у всех на глазах

    to rise to view — появиться, предстать перед глазами

    to fade from view — постепенно исчезнуть, скрыться с глаз, растаять

    in view — на виду; в пределах видимости

    4. n взгляд, мнение, суждение; точка зрения
    5. n взгляды, убеждения, воззрения
    6. n оценка, суждение; представление

    view of data — представление данных; разрез данных

    7. n цель, намерение; план, предположение, замысел
    8. n перспектива; предвидимое будущее

    in the long view — в перспективе, в отдалённом будущем

    worm's-eye view — "лягушачья " перспектива

    9. n осмотр, просмотр, смотр, обозрение

    the first view would displease many — на первый взгляд это многим, вероятно, не понравится

    10. n вид, аспект, сторона, план; перспектива; проекция

    perspective view — вид в перспективе, перспектива

    11. n воен. обзор
    12. v осматривать, смотреть
    13. v рассматривать в определённом свете, оценивать, судить
    14. v изучать, рассматривать

    to view all sides of a question — рассмотреть все аспекты вопроса, рассмотреть вопрос во всех аспектах

    15. v видеть

    to tiptoe to have a better view — подняться на цыпочки, чтобы лучше видеть

    16. v поэт. узреть; зреть
    17. v смотреть

    to take a sunshine view of everything — смотреть бодро на всё, быть оптимистом

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. account (noun) account; description
    2. angle (noun) angle; eyes; outlook; slant; standpoint; viewpoint
    3. belief (noun) assessment; belief; conception; estimation; judgment; notion; theory
    4. end (noun) aim; design; end; goal; intent; intention; meaning; object; objective; plan; point; purpose; reason; target
    5. examination (noun) analysis; audit; check-over; checkup; examination; inspection; perlustration; review; scan; scrutiny; survey
    6. look (noun) countenance; face; look; physiognomy; surface; visage
    7. opinion (noun) conviction; eye; feeling; idea; mind; opinion; persuasion; position; sentiment
    8. sight (noun) appearance; aspect; gaze; glimpse; outlook; panorama; perspective; picture; prospect; scene; show; sight; spectacle; vision; vista
    9. eye (verb) account; consider; contemplate; deem; esteem; eye; gaze; gaze upon; look; look at; look upon; reckon; regard
    10. scrutinize (verb) canvass; check; check over; check up; con; examine; go over; inspect; perlustrate; peruse; scrutinise; scrutinize; study; survey; vet; witness
    11. see (verb) behold; descry; discern; distinguish; espy; mark; mind; note; notice; observe; perceive; remark; see; twig
    Антонимический ряд:
    delusion; disregard; error; ignore; misestimate; misjudge; overlook

    English-Russian base dictionary > view

  • 9 view

    [vju:] 1. noun
    1) ((an outlook on to, or picture of) a scene: Your house has a fine view of the hills; He painted a view of the harbour.) pogled
    2) (an opinion: Tell me your view/views on the subject.) pogled
    3) (an act of seeing or inspecting: We were given a private view of the exhibition before it was opened to the public.) ogled
    2. verb
    (to look at, or regard (something): She viewed the scene with astonishment.) gledati
    - viewpoint
    - in view of
    - on view
    - point of view
    * * *
    I [vju:]
    noun
    videnje, gledanje; pogled, razgled, pregled; prizor; juridically ogled; vidik, ozir, stališče, mnenje, mišljenje, naziranje, nazor, sodba (on, of o); namera, namen, nakana, smoter; načrt; upanje; photography posnetek, slika
    in view of — z ozirom na, gledé; colloquially z namenom
    on view — razstavljen (za ogled), na ogled(u), na razstavi
    with a view to ( —ali of) — z namenom (da), nameravajoč, računajoč na; imajoč pred očmi, v načrtu
    to the view — odprto, odkrito, javno
    my end in view (is...) — cilj, ki ga imam pred očmi, (je...)
    plain to the view — dobro, jasno viden
    point of view — vidik, stališče, gledišče
    he did that with a view to promotion — to je naredil, da bi napredoval
    to fall in with (to meet) s.o.'s views — strinjati se z namerami (željami) kake osebe
    to form a view on s.th. — ustvariti si mnenje o čem
    to give a general view of s.th. — dati splošen pregled o čem
    to have in view — imeti pred očmi (v načrtu, v vidu); imeti na umu, nameravati
    to hold (to take, to keep) a view of s.th. — imeti (svoje) mnenje o čem
    to keep in view — ne odvrniti oči (od), ne izgubiti izpred oči
    to lose view of s.th. — izgubiti kaj iz vida
    to sell views of Paris — prodajati razglednice, slike itd. Pariza
    to take short views figuratively ne biti dalekoviden
    II [vju:]
    1.
    transitive verb
    videti, zagledati; pogledati; pregledati; (raz)motriti, razgledati, ogled(ov)ati; razmotrivati; presoditi; ustvariti si (imeti) sodbo, presojati, razumevati; imeti v vidu
    an order to view — pismeno pooblastilo za ogled hiše ipd. (z namenom nakupa)
    he doesn't view the question in the right light — on ne vidi (gleda) vprašanja (problema) v pravi luči;
    2.
    krajšava za teleview
    gledati televizijo

    English-Slovenian dictionary > view

  • 10 view

    I [vjuː] n
    1) вид, картина, пейзаж
    - wonderful view
    - general view
    - distant view
    - sectional view
    - top view
    - close-up view
    - bird's view
    - view of Paris
    - postcards of views
    - house with a view of the ocean
    - take a view of the chirch
    - trees cut off the view of the house
    2) поле зрения, пределы видимости

    There was not a person in view. — Никого не было видно.

    The car came into view round the corner. — Из-за угла появилась машина.

    New difficulties came into view. — Возникли новые трудности.

    - have a good view of smth
    - be out of view
    - be in view
    - stand in full view
    - keep smb, smth in view
    - pass from view
    - out of human view
    - get a closer view smth
    - be on view
    - have smth on view
    3) (обыкновенно pl) мнение, взгляды, суждение, точка зрения, цель

    He had strange (depressing) views of life. — У него было странное (мрачное) мировоззрение. /У него был странный (пессимистический) взгляд на жизнь.

    - smb's views on life
    - smb's views on this matter
    - main point of view
    - exchange of views
    - predominant point of view
    - with this in view
    - with a view of alance
    - with a view of negotiations
    - with a view of merging
    - in view of previous obligations
    - have a clear view of facts
    - hold extreme views on smth
    - have two objects in view
    - take a favourable view of smth
    - give quite a new view of the problem
    - state one's views on this matter
    - give a brief view of the matter
    - have other views for smb
    - have views on smb
    •
    CHOICE OF WORDS:
    (1.) Русское "быть на обозрении, быть выставленным на широкое обозрение" соответствует английским to be on view 3., to be on show, to be on display: The latest fashions are now on view. Сейчас выставлены/демонстрируются модели последней моды. There were many new exhibits on view in the museum. В музее демонстрировалось много новых экспонатов. These paintings have been on display/on view for many weeks. Эти картины были выставлены в течение многих недель. He offered to put his private collection of stamps on display. Он предложил устроить выставку его личной коллекции марок. Русские глаголы выставлять, экспонировать соответствуют английским глаголам to exhibit smth и to display smth: The gallery exhibits mainly contemporary sculpture. Галерея выставляет в основном образцы современной скульптуры. The shop windows displayed the latest spring fashions. В витринах магазинов были выставлены последние весенние моды. (2.) For view 1., 2.; See scene, n (3.) For view 2.; See show, v; USAGE (3.).
    II [vjuː] v
    1) осматривать, смотреть, производить осмотр
    - view a house and grounds
    - get an order to view
    2) рассматривать, оценивать, судить

    The proposal was viewed unfavourably (favourably). — Предложение получило отрицательную (положительную) оценку

    - view the matter critically
    - view the matter historically
    - view the future with alarm

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > view

  • 11 view

    2) перспектива; поле зрения; обзор
    4) вид; проекция
    7) вчт. представление
    •
    to obscure in-flight view — мешать обзору в полёте;
    to take views — производить( фото)съёмку, фотографировать

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > view

  • 12 view

    n. uitzicht, zicht, vertoning; mening; opinie; blik; gezichtsveld; (in computers) een blik van een bepaalde richting op een 3D objekt in CAD programma's
    --------
    v. kijken; beschouwen
    view1
    [ vjoe:]
    1  bezichtiging ⇒ inspectie; 〈 figuurlijk〉 overzicht
    3  uitzicht ⇒ gezicht; 〈 figuurlijk〉 vooruitzicht
    4  gezicht ⇒ afbeelding; 〈 figuurlijk〉 beeld
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   a general view of the subject • een algemeen overzicht van het onderwerp
    2   〈 informeel〉 take a dim/poor view of someone's conduct • iemands gedrag maar matig/nauwelijks waarderen
         fall in with/meet someone's views • iemands zienswijze delen
         in my view • volgens mij
    3   what a magnificent view! • wat een prachtig gezicht!
    5   with a view to doing something • met de bedoeling iets te doen
    〈 techniek, technologie〉 exploded view • opengewerkte tekening
    → long long/, short short/
    2  zicht ⇒ uitzicht, gezichtsveld
    ♦voorbeelden:
    2   come into view • in zicht komen
    have in view • op het oog hebben
         keep in view • voor ogen houden
         in view of • vanwege, gezien
         on view • te zien, geëxposeerd
    ————————
    view2
    1  bekijken ⇒ beschouwen 〈 ook figuurlijk〉; bezichtigen
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   view a house • een huis bezichtigen

    English-Dutch dictionary > view

  • 13 take\ over

    1. I
    1) when shall you be ready to take over? когда вы вступите в должность /примете полномочия/?
    2) we saw a new point of view taking over мы стали свидетелями [того,] как восторжествовала новая точка зрения
    2. II 3. III
    take over smth. /smth. over/
    1) take over the presidency (the office, command, the chairmanship of the board, etc.) принять должность /пост/ президента и т.д.; take over a business встать во главе дела [после кого-л.]; he took over the management of the firm к нему перешло /он взял на себя/ управление фирмой; he took over their duties он взял на себя их обязанности; take over the watch заступить на вахту; take over the receipts and expenditure взять на себя уплату долгов и расходов
    2) if you rent this flat, you will take over the furniture если вы снимете эту квартиру, к вам перейдет и мебель
    3) when they took over the railways (the ship, etc.) когда они захватили или национализировали железные дороги и т.д.
    4. XI
    be taken over by smth. the firm has been taken over by the international company фирма влилась в международную компанию
    5. XVI
    take over from smb. the new general will take over from the retiring one новый генерал примет дела у генерала, уходящего в отставку; I took over from him at 6 o'clock я сменил его в шесть часов
    6. XX1
    take over as smb., smth. now the woman is taking over as head of the house сейчас женщина становится главой семьи; he takes over as heir он выступает как наследник
    7. XXI1
    take over smth. from smb. he took over the firm (the business, etc.) from his father он возглавил фирму и т.д. вместо отца; take over smth. after smth. she took over the chairmanship after his resignation она стала председателем после его ухода

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > take\ over

  • 14 survey

    1. transitive verb
    1) (take general view of) betrachten; (from high point) überblicken [Landschaft, Umgebung]
    2) (examine) inspizieren [Gebäude usw.]
    3) (assess) bewerten [Situation, Problem usw.]
    2. noun
    1) (general view, critical inspection) Überblick, der (of über + Akk.)
    2) (by opinion poll) Umfrage, die; (by research) Untersuchung, die

    conduct a survey into something — eine Umfrage zu etwas veranstalten/etwas untersuchen

    3) (Surv.) Vermessung, die
    4) (building inspection) Inspektion, die
    * * *
    1. [sə'vei] verb
    1) (to look at, or view, in a general way: He surveyed his neat garden with satisfaction.) überlicken
    2) (to examine carefully or in detail.) mustern
    3) (to measure, and estimate the position, shape etc of (a piece of land etc): They have started to survey the piece of land that the new motorway will pass through.) vermessen
    4) (to make a formal or official inspection of (a house etc that is being offered for sale).) besichtigen
    2. ['sə:vei] noun
    1) (a look or examination; a report: After a brief survey of the damage he telephoned the police; He has written a survey of crime in big cities.) der Überlick, das Gutachten
    2) (a careful measurement of land etc.) die Vermessung
    •
    - academic.ru/72444/surveyor">surveyor
    * * *
    sur·vey
    I. vt
    [səˈveɪ, AM sɚˈ-]
    1. usu passive (carry out research)
    ▪ to \survey sb jdn befragen
    2. (look at)
    ▪ to \survey sb/sth jdn/etw betrachten; (carefully) jdn/etw begutachten
    3. (give overview)
    ▪ to \survey sth etw umreißen
    the book \surveys the history of feminism das Buch gibt einen Überblick über die Geschichte des Feminismus
    4. (map out)
    ▪ to \survey sth etw vermessen
    5. BRIT
    to \survey a building/house ein Gebäude/Haus begutachten, ein Gutachten von einem Gebäude/Haus erstellen
    6.
    ▶ to be lord [or master/mistress] [or king/queen] of all one \surveys BRIT alles rundum sein Eigen nennen
    II. n
    [ˈsɜ:veɪ, AM ˈsɜ:r-]
    1. (opinion poll) Untersuchung f; (research) Studie f
    market \survey Marktumfrage, Erhebung f
    local/nationwide \survey örtliche/landesweite Umfrage
    public opinion \survey öffentliche Meinungsumfrage
    to carry out a \survey eine Studie durchführen
    2. (overview) Übersicht f; of a topic Überblick m (of über + akk)
    3. (of land) Vermessung f
    to carry out a \survey eine Vermessung durchführen
    4. BRIT (of building) [Grundstücks]gutachten nt
    to have a \survey carried out [or ( fam) done] on a house ein Gutachten von einem Haus erstellen lassen
    * * *
    ['sɜːveɪ]
    1. n
    1) (SURV of land, coast) Vermessung f; (= report) (Vermessungs)gutachten nt; (of house) Begutachtung f; (= report) Gutachten nt
    2) (= inquiry) Untersuchung f (of, on über +acc); (by opinion poll, market research etc) Umfrage f (of, on über +acc)
    3) (= comprehensive look, review of surroundings, countryside) Musterung f (
    of +gen), Überblick m (of über +acc); (of subject, recent development) Überblick m
    2. vt
    [sɜː'veɪ]
    1) (= look at) countryside, person, prospects, plans betrachten, sich (dat) ansehen; (esp appraisingly) begutachten; person, goods mustern

    he is monarch of all he surveys — er beherrscht das Land, soweit er blicken kann

    2) (= study) prospects, developments untersuchen; institutions einer Prüfung (gen) unterziehen; (= take general view of) events, trends einen Überblick geben über (+acc)
    3) (SURV) site, land vermessen; building inspizieren
    * * *
    survey [sə(r)ˈveı; US auch ˈsɜrˌveı]
    A v/t
    1. betrachten, sich jemanden, etwas ansehen (beide auch fig)
    2. Aussichten etc untersuchen
    3. ein Gebäude etc (ab)schätzen, begutachten
    4. besichtigen, inspizieren
    5. Land etc vermessen
    B v/i eine (statistische) Erhebung vornehmen
    C s [ˈsɜːveı; US ˈsɜrˌveı]
    1. fig Überblick m, Übersicht f ( beide:
    of über akk)
    2. Untersuchung f
    3. Schätzung f, Begutachtung f
    4. Gutachten n, (Prüfungs)Bericht m
    5. Besichtigung f, Inspektion f
    6. (Land- etc) Vermessung f
    7. (Lage)Plan m, (-)Karte f
    8. a) (statistische) Erhebung, Umfrage f ( beide:
    of, on über akk)
    b) MED Reihenuntersuchung f
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (take general view of) betrachten; (from high point) überblicken [Landschaft, Umgebung]
    2) (examine) inspizieren [Gebäude usw.]
    3) (assess) bewerten [Situation, Problem usw.]
    2. noun
    1) (general view, critical inspection) Überblick, der (of über + Akk.)
    2) (by opinion poll) Umfrage, die; (by research) Untersuchung, die

    conduct a survey into something — eine Umfrage zu etwas veranstalten/etwas untersuchen

    3) (Surv.) Vermessung, die
    4) (building inspection) Inspektion, die
    * * *
    n.
    Erhebung -en f.
    Erkundung f.
    Ermittlung f.
    Gutachten n.
    Umfrage -n f.
    Umschau -en f.
    Vermessung f.
    statistische Erhebung f.
    Überblick m.
    Überwachung f. v.
    ausmessen v.
    begutachten v.
    besichtigen v.
    prüfen v.
    vermessen v.
    überblicken v.
    übersehen v.

    English-german dictionary > survey

  • 15 survey

    1. sə'vei verb
    1) (to look at, or view, in a general way: He surveyed his neat garden with satisfaction.) mirar, contemplar
    2) (to examine carefully or in detail.) inspeccionar, examinar
    3) (to measure, and estimate the position, shape etc of (a piece of land etc): They have started to survey the piece of land that the new motorway will pass through.) hacer un reconocimiento, hacer una inspección; (topografía) medir, apear; levantar el plano (de)
    4) (to make a formal or official inspection of (a house etc that is being offered for sale).) inspeccionar, hacer un peritaje (de)

    2. 'sə:vei noun
    1) (a look or examination; a report: After a brief survey of the damage he telephoned the police; He has written a survey of crime in big cities.) examen, estudio; informe
    2) (a careful measurement of land etc.) reconocimiento, inspección; (topografía) medición
    •
    survey n encuesta
    tr[ (n) 'sɜːveɪ; (vb) sə'veɪ]
    1 (investigation - of opinion) sondeo, encuesta; (- of prices, trends, etc) estudio; (written report) informe nombre masculino
    2 (of land) inspección nombre femenino, reconocimiento; (in topography) medición nombre femenino
    3 (general view) visión nombre femenino general, visión nombre femenino de conjunto
    4 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (of house, building) inspección nombre femenino, peritaje nombre masculino
    1 (contemplate, look at) contemplar, mirar
    2 (study - gen) examinar, analizar; (- prices, trends, etc) estudiar, hacer una encuesta sobre; (investigate - people) encuestar, hacer un sondeo de
    3 (- land) hacer un reconocimiento de; (in topography) medir
    4 (house, building) inspeccionar, hacer un peritaje de
    survey [sər'veɪ] vt, - veyed ; - veying
    1) : medir (un terreno)
    2) examine: inspeccionar, examinar, revisar
    3) poll: hacer una encuesta de, sondear
    survey ['sər.veɪ] n, pl - veys
    1) inspection: inspección f, revisión f
    2) : medición f (de un terreno)
    3) poll: encuesta f, sondeo m
    n.
    • bosquejo s.m.
    • deslinde s.m.
    • encuesta s.f.
    • estudio s.m.
    • examen s.m.
    • inspección s.f.
    • reconocimiento s.m.
    v.
    • deslindar v.
    • examinar v.
    • inspeccionar v.
    • medir v.
    • nivelar v.
    • otear v.
    • reconocer v.
    (§pres: reconozco, reconoces...)
    • registrar v.

    I 'sɜːrveɪ, 'sɜːveɪ
    1)
    a) ( of land) inspección f, reconocimiento m; ( for mapping) medición f
    b) ( of building) inspección f, peritaje m, peritación f; ( written report) informe m del perito, peritaje m, peritación f
    2) ( overall view) visión f general or de conjunto
    3) ( investigation) estudio m; ( poll) encuesta f, sondeo m

    II sər'veɪ, sə'veɪ
    1)
    a) \<\<land/region\>\> ( measure) medir*; ( inspect) inspeccionar, reconocer*
    b) \<\<building\>\> inspeccionar, llevar a cabo un peritaje de
    2)
    a) ( look at) contemplar, mirar
    b) (view, consider) \<\<situation/plan/prospects\>\> examinar, analizar*
    3) ( question) \<\<group\>\> encuestar, hacer* un sondeo de
    ['sɜːveɪ]
    1. N
    1) (=study) estudio m
    2) (=poll) encuesta f

    to carry out or conduct a survey — realizar una encuesta

    3) (esp Brit) [of land] inspección f, reconocimiento m ; (in topography) medición f ; [of building, property] tasación f, peritaje m ; (=report to purchaser) informe m de tasación, informe m de peritaje

    to have a survey done — (of property) mandar hacer una tasación

    4) (=general view) visión f global, vista f de conjunto
    2. [sɜː'veɪ]
    VT
    1) (=contemplate) contemplar, mirar
    2) (=study) estudiar, hacer un estudio de
    3) (=poll) [+ person, group] encuestar; [+ town] hacer una encuesta en, pulsar la opinión de; [+ reactions] sondear

    95% of those surveyed believed that... — el 95% de los encuestados creía que...

    4) (=inspect) [+ building] inspeccionar; [+ land] hacer un reconocimiento de; (in topography) medir; (=map) [+ town] levantar el plano de
    5) (=take general view of) pasar revista a
    * * *

    I ['sɜːrveɪ, 'sɜːveɪ]
    1)
    a) ( of land) inspección f, reconocimiento m; ( for mapping) medición f
    b) ( of building) inspección f, peritaje m, peritación f; ( written report) informe m del perito, peritaje m, peritación f
    2) ( overall view) visión f general or de conjunto
    3) ( investigation) estudio m; ( poll) encuesta f, sondeo m

    II [sər'veɪ, sə'veɪ]
    1)
    a) \<\<land/region\>\> ( measure) medir*; ( inspect) inspeccionar, reconocer*
    b) \<\<building\>\> inspeccionar, llevar a cabo un peritaje de
    2)
    a) ( look at) contemplar, mirar
    b) (view, consider) \<\<situation/plan/prospects\>\> examinar, analizar*
    3) ( question) \<\<group\>\> encuestar, hacer* un sondeo de

    English-spanish dictionary > survey

  • 16 rise

    {raiz}
    I. 1. издигам се, вдигам се, извишавам се
    2. прен. издигам се
    to RISE to greatness ставам велик
    to RISE to wealth забогатявам
    to RISE in the world издигам се, правя кариера
    to RISE to be a general издигам се/стигам до генералски чин
    3. ставам (и сутрин), надигам се, изправям се (на крака)
    4. възкръсвам (from the dead/the grave от мъртвите/от гроба)
    5. изгрявам
    dawn RISEs зазорява се
    6. закривам се (за заседание, парламент и пр.)
    7. излизам (за цирей и пр.)
    8. извирам (за река), прииждам
    9. надигам се, излизам (за вятър и пр.), започвам да се вълнувам (за море), идвам (за прилив)
    10. издигам се, нараствам, раста (за глас, интерес, надежда и пр.), покачвам се, вдигам се (за цени, температура и пр.), увеличавам се, повдигам се (за настроение и пр.)
    her colour rose тя пламна, изчерви се
    tears rose in her eyes в очите и бликнаха сълзи
    11. вдигам се, кипвам, втасвам (за тесто и пр.)
    12. възниквам, зараждам се, пораждам се, появявам се
    to RISE to view появявам се (пред погледа)
    13. въставам, (раз) бунтувам се (against)
    14. лов. вдигам се (за дивеч), вдигам (дивеч, риба)
    15. мор. забелязвам (кораб и пр.) на хоризонта
    16. ряд. ставам, случвам се
    rise above прен. издигам се над (дребни чувства и пр.)
    rise to показвам се достоен/годен да се справя с
    to RISE to the occasion достойно се справям с положението, доказвам, че съм на висотата на положението
    I can't RISE to it нямам сили/възможност/средства да го направя, аплодирам, откликвам на (актъор и пр.)
    II. 1. издигане (и прен.), изкачване, възход
    RISE to power идване на власт
    2. покачване, увеличение, повишаване, повишение, нарастване
    prices are on the RISE цените се покачват
    3. изкачване, нанагорнище, възвишение, хълм
    4. произход, начало
    to have/take one's RISE in/from произлизам/произхождам/възниквам от
    to give RISE to предизвиквам, пораждам
    5. извор (на река)
    the river has its RISE in реката извира от
    6. кълване (на риба)
    there was not a sign of a RISE нищо не клъвна
    without getting a RISE без нищо да клъвне (на въдицата ми)
    7. тех. стрелка (на свод, дъга)
    8. тех. провисване (на проводник)
    9. изтъняване, коничност (на ствол, обла греда)
    10. арх. височина (на стъпало и пр.)
    11. геол. въстание (на пласт), наклон
    to get/take a RISE out of someone предизвиквам някого, карам някого да избухне/да се издаде
    at RISE of day/sun призори
    * * *
    {raiz} v (rose {'rouz}; risen {'rizn}) 1.издигам се; вдигам (2) {raiz} n 1. издигане (и прен.); изкачване; възход; rise to powe
    * * *
    хълм; щръквам; шупвам; ставам; увеличение; раста; възвишение; втасвам; възход; вдигам се; възнасям се; възниквам; възникване; разбунтувам; произход; зараждам се; изгрев; извира; качвам се; изгряване; изгрявам; изправям се; начало; надигам се; нанагорнище; нарастване; нагорнище; нараствам;
    * * *
    1. 1 вдигам се, кипвам, втасвам (за тесто и пр.) 2. 1 възниквам, зараждам се, пораждам се, появявам се 3. 1 въставам, (раз) бунтувам се (against) 4. 1 геол. въстание (на пласт), наклон 5. 1 лов. вдигам се (за дивеч), вдигам (дивеч, риба) 6. 1 мор. забелязвам (кораб и пр.) на хоризонта 7. 1 ряд. ставам, случвам се 8. at rise of day/sun призори 9. dawn rises зазорява се 10. her colour rose тя пламна, изчерви се 11. i can't rise to it нямам сили/възможност/средства да го направя, аплодирам, откликвам на (актъор и пр.) 12. i. издигам се, вдигам се, извишавам се 13. ii. издигане (и прен.), изкачване, възход 14. prices are on the rise цените се покачват 15. rise above прен. издигам се над (дребни чувства и пр.) 16. rise to power идване на власт 17. rise to показвам се достоен/годен да се справя с 18. tears rose in her eyes в очите и бликнаха сълзи 19. the river has its rise in реката извира от 20. there was not a sign of a rise нищо не клъвна 21. to get/take a rise out of someone предизвиквам някого, карам някого да избухне/да се издаде 22. to give rise to предизвиквам, пораждам 23. to have/take one's rise in/from произлизам/произхождам/възниквам от 24. to rise in the world издигам се, правя кариера 25. to rise to be a general издигам се/стигам до генералски чин 26. to rise to greatness ставам велик 27. to rise to the occasion достойно се справям с положението, доказвам, че съм на висотата на положението 28. to rise to view появявам се (пред погледа) 29. to rise to wealth забогатявам 30. without getting a rise без нищо да клъвне (на въдицата ми) 31. арх. височина (на стъпало и пр.) 32. възкръсвам (from the dead/the grave от мъртвите/от гроба) 33. закривам се (за заседание, парламент и пр.) 34. извирам (за река), прииждам 35. извор (на река) 36. изгрявам 37. издигам се, нараствам, раста (за глас, интерес, надежда и пр.), покачвам се, вдигам се (за цени, температура и пр.), увеличавам се, повдигам се (за настроение и пр.) 38. изкачване, нанагорнище, възвишение, хълм 39. излизам (за цирей и пр.) 40. изтъняване, коничност (на ствол, обла греда) 41. кълване (на риба) 42. надигам се, излизам (за вятър и пр.), започвам да се вълнувам (за море), идвам (за прилив) 43. покачване, увеличение, повишаване, повишение, нарастване 44. прен. издигам се 45. произход, начало 46. ставам (и сутрин), надигам се, изправям се (на крака) 47. тех. провисване (на проводник) 48. тех. стрелка (на свод, дъга)
    * * *
    rise [raiz] I. v ( rose [rouz]; risen [rizn]) 1. издигам се, вдигам се; прен. издигам се; to \rise to the surface издигам се (изплувам) на повърхността; to \rise to (at) the bait кълве (за риба); прен. улавям се (хващам се) на въдицата; to \rise to it отвръщам на предизвикателна забележка; to \rise to greatness ставам велик; to \rise in the world прен. издигам се; to \rise to be a general издигам се (стигам) до генералски чин; to \rise to a fence приготвям се да прескоча препятствие (за кон); 2. ставам, надигам се, изправям се; to \rise to o.'s feet ставам на крака; to \rise with the sun ставам със слънцето (с петлите); \rise and shine! шег. ставай бързо! (от сън), излюпвай се! 3. изгрява; dawn \rises зазорява се; 4. закрива се (за заседание и пр.); 5. възкръсвам; \rise from the dead възкръсвам от мъртвите; 6. излиза (за цирей, вятър и пр.); 7. издигам се, нараствам, раста (за глас, интерес, надежда и пр.); вдигам се, покачвам се, повишавам се (за температура, цени и пр.); увеличавам се; повдигам се (за дух и пр.); кипва; вдига се, втасва (за тесто и пр.); her colour rose тя пламна (се изчерви); my gorge \rises at the thought кипвам (отвращавам се) при мисълта; to \rise in s.o.'s estimation издигам се в очите на някого; the sea is \riseing морето е на прилив; морето започва да се вълнува; tears rose to her eyes в очите ѝ бликнаха сълзи; 8. извира (за река) (at, in); приижда; 9. въставам, (раз)бунтувам се; to \rise in arms въставам с оръжие в ръка; the people rose against their oppressors народът се надигна срещу потисниците си; 10. възниквам, зараждам се, пораждам се; появявам се; new troubles rose to afflict her нови проблеми се появиха да я тормозят; to \rise to view появявам се; 11. подплашвам ( дивеч), карам ( дивеч) да излезе от скривалището си; 12. забелязвам (кораб и пр.) на хоризонта; 13.: to \rise above прен. издигам се над; 14.: to \rise to показвам се достоен да се справя с; to \rise to the occasion достойно се справям с положението; доказвам, че съм на висотата на положението; I can't \rise to it нямам сили (възможност, средства) да направя това; II. n 1. издигане; изкачване; възход; \rise to power идване на власт; 2. покачване, вдигане, увеличение, увеличаване, повишение, повишаване; нарастване; prices are on the \rise цените се повишават; 3. изкачване; нанагорнище; възвишение, хълм; 4. изгряване, изгрев; появяване на хоризонта; 5. произход, начало; to give \rise to предизвиквам, пораждам; 6. кълване (на риба); 7. архит. височина на стъпало; 8. извор на река; 9. тех. стрела на свод и пр.; 10. тех. провис на проводник; 11. сбяг, изтъняване (на стъбло и пр.); 12. мин. възходяща изработка; геол. въстание (на пласт), наклон; 13. sl ерекция, надървяне; • to take ( get) a \rise out of s.o. предизвиквам някого (карам някого да избухне) чрез закачки.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > rise

  • 17 hold

    I noun
    (of ship) Laderaum, der; (of aircraft) Frachtraum, der
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) (grasp) halten; (carry) tragen; (keep fast) festhalten
    2) (support) [tragendes Teil:] halten, stützen, tragen [Decke, Dach usw.]; aufnehmen [Gewicht, Kraft]
    3) (keep in position) halten
    4) (grasp to control) halten [Kind, Hund, Zügel]
    5) (keep in particular attitude)

    hold oneself ready or in readiness — sich bereit od. in Bereitschaft halten

    hold one's head high — (fig.) (be confident) selbstbewusst sein od. auftreten; (be proud) den Kopf hoch tragen

    6) (contain) enthalten; bergen [Gefahr, Geheimnis]; (be able to contain) fassen [Liter, Personen usw.]

    the room holds ten people — in dem Raum haben 10 Leute Platz; der Raum bietet 10 Leuten Platz

    hold water — [Behälter:] wasserdicht sein; Wasser halten; (fig.) [Argument, Theorie:] stichhaltig sein, hieb- und stichfest sein

    7) (not be intoxicated by)

    he can/can't hold his drink or liquor — er kann etwas/nichts vertragen

    8) (possess) besitzen; haben
    9) (have gained) halten [Rekord]; haben [Diplom, Doktorgrad]
    10) (keep possession of) halten [Stützpunkt, Stadt, Stellung]; (Mus.): (sustain) [aus]halten [Ton]

    hold one's own — (fig.) sich behaupten

    hold one's position — (fig.) auf seinem Standpunkt beharren

    11) (occupy) innehaben, (geh.) bekleiden [Posten, Amt, Stellung]

    hold office — im Amt sein

    hold the line — (Teleph.) am Apparat bleiben

    12) (engross) fesseln, (geh.) gefangen halten [Aufmerksamkeit, Publikum]
    13) (keep in specified condition) halten

    hold the ladder steady — die Leiter festhalten; see also academic.ru/5877/bay">bay III 1.; ransom 1.

    14) (detain) (in custody) in Haft halten, festhalten; (imprison) festsetzen; inhaftieren; (arrest) festnehmen
    15) (oblige to adhere)

    hold somebody to the terms of the contract/to a promise — darauf bestehen, dass jemand sich an die Vertragsbestimmungen hält/dass jemand ein Versprechen hält od. einlöst

    hold one's opponent [to a draw] — ein Unentschieden [gegen den Gegner] halten od. verteidigen

    17) (cause to take place) stattfinden lassen; abhalten [Veranstaltung, Konferenz, Gottesdienst, Sitzung, Prüfung]; veranstalten [Festival, Auktion]; austragen [Meisterschaften]; führen [Unterhaltung, Gespräch, Korrespondenz]; durchführen [Untersuchung]; geben [Empfang]; halten [Vortrag, Rede]
    18) (restrain) [fest]halten

    hold one's fire — [noch] nicht schießen; (fig.): (refrain from criticism) mit seiner Kritik zurückhalten

    19) (coll.): (withhold) zurückhalten

    hold it! — [einen] Moment mal!; see also horse 1)

    20) (think, believe)

    hold a view or an opinion — eine Ansicht haben (on über + Akk.)

    hold that... — dafürhalten, dass...; der Ansicht sein, dass...

    hold somebody/oneself guilty/blameless — jemanden/sich für schuldig/unschuldig halten ( for an + Dat.)

    hold something against somebody — jemandem etwas vorwerfen; see also dear 1. 1); responsible 1)

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (not give way) [Seil, Nagel, Anker, Schloss, Angeklebtes:] halten; [Damm:] [stand]halten
    2) (remain unchanged) anhalten; [an]dauern; [Wetter:] sich halten, so bleiben; [Angebot, Versprechen:] gelten

    hold to something — bei etwas bleiben; an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

    hold [good or true] — gelten; Gültigkeit haben

    3. noun
    1) (grasp) Griff, der

    grab or seize hold of something — etwas ergreifen

    get or lay or take hold of something — etwas fassen od. packen

    take hold — (fig.) sich durchsetzen; [Krankheit:] fortschreiten

    get hold of something — (fig.) etwas bekommen od. auftreiben

    get hold of somebody — (fig.) jemanden erreichen

    have a hold over somebody — jemanden in der Hand halten; see also catch 1. 1)

    2) (influence) Einfluss, der (on, over auf + Akk.)
    3) (Sport) Griff, der

    there are no holds barred — (fig.) alles ist erlaubt

    4) (thing to hold by) Griff, der
    5)

    put on hold — auf Eis legen [Plan, Programm]

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold over
    - hold up
    - hold with
    * * *
    I 1. [həuld] past tense, past participle - held; verb
    1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) halten
    2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) halten
    3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) halten
    4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) halten
    5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) festhalten
    6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) (ent)halten
    7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) abhalten
    8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) halten
    9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) beibehalten
    10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me( to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) die Aussicht haben
    11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) gelten
    12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) festhalten
    13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) (stand)halten
    14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) standhalten
    15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) fesseln
    16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) abhalten
    17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) innehaben
    18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) sich halten
    19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) warten
    20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) aushalten
    21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) aufbewahren
    22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) bringen
    23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?)
    2. noun
    1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) der Halt
    2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) die Gewalt
    3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) der Griff
    •
    - -holder
    - hold-all
    - get hold of
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold good
    - hold it
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold one's own
    - hold one's tongue
    - hold up
    - hold-up
    - hold with     II [həuld] noun
    ((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) der Schiffsraum
    * * *
    [həʊld, AM hoʊld]
    I. NOUN
    1. (grasp, grip) Halt m kein pl
    to catch [or grab] [or get [a]] [or take [a]] \hold of sb/sth jdn/etw ergreifen
    grab \hold of my hand and I'll pull you up nimm meine Hand und ich ziehe dich hoch
    I just managed to grab \hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool ich konnte Lucy gerade noch schnappen, bevor sie in den Pool fiel fam
    to keep \hold of sth etw festhalten
    sb loses \hold of sth jdm entgleitet etw
    sb loses \hold of the reins jdm gleiten die Zügel aus der Hand
    2. ( fig)
    to take \hold of sth custom, fashion auf etw akk überschwappen fam; fire, epidemic, disease auf etw akk übergreifen
    3. (esp climbing) Halt m kein pl
    it's a difficult mountain to climb as there aren't many \holds der Berg ist schwierig zu erklettern, weil in der Wand nicht viele Griffe sind
    to lose one's \hold den Halt verlieren
    4. (wrestling, martial arts) Griff m
    no \holds barred contest Wettbewerb, bei dem alle Griffe erlaubt sind
    to break free from sb's \hold sich akk aus jds Griff befreien
    to loosen one's \hold on sb/sth den Griff an jdm/etw lockern
    to release one's \hold on sb/sth jdn/etw loslassen
    to be on \hold in der Warteschleife sein
    to put sb on \hold jdn in die Warteschleife schalten
    his phone is engaged, can I put you on \hold? bei ihm ist besetzt, wollen Sie warten?
    6. (delay)
    to be on \hold auf Eis liegen fig
    to put sth on \hold etw auf Eis legen fig
    can we put this discussion on \hold until tomorrow? können wir diese Diskussion auf morgen verschieben?
    7. (control, influence) Kontrolle f
    the allies maintained their \hold on the port throughout the war die Alliierten hielten den Hafen während des gesamten Krieges besetzt
    get \hold of yourself! reiß dich zusammen! fam
    to lose one's \hold on life mit dem Leben nicht mehr fertigwerden
    to lose one's \hold on reality den Sinn für die Realität verlieren
    to have a [strong] \hold on [or over] sb [starken] Einfluss auf jdn haben
    he hasn't got any \hold over [or on] me er kann mir nichts anhaben
    no \holds barred ohne jegliches Tabu
    when he argues with his girlfriend there are no \holds barred wenn er mit seiner Freundin streitet, kennt er kein Pardon
    9. ( fig: find)
    to get \hold of sb/sth jdn/etw auftreiben fam
    I'll get \hold of some crockery for the picnic ich besorge Geschirr für das Picknick
    I'll get \hold of John if you phone the others wenn du die anderen anrufst, versuche ich, John zu erreichen
    to get \hold of information Informationen sammeln
    to get \hold of sth etw verstehen
    to get \hold of the wrong idea etw falsch verstehen
    don't get \hold of the wrong idea versteh mich nicht falsch
    the student already has a good \hold of the subject der Student weiß bereits recht gut über das Thema Bescheid
    11. FASHION of hairspray, mousse Halt m kein pl
    normal/strong/extra strong \hold normaler/starker/extrastarker Halt
    12. NAUT, AVIAT Frachtraum m
    13. COMPUT Halteimpuls m
    <held, held>
    1. (grasp, grip)
    ▪ to \hold sb/sth [tight [or tightly]] jdn/etw [fest]halten
    to \hold sb in one's arms jdn in den Armen halten
    to \hold the door open for sb jdm die Tür aufhalten
    to \hold a gun eine Waffe [in der Hand] halten
    to \hold hands Händchen halten fam
    to \hold sb's hand jds Hand halten
    to \hold sth in one's hand etw in der Hand halten
    to \hold one's nose sich dat die Nase zuhalten
    to \hold sth in place etw halten; AUTO
    to \hold the road eine gute Straßenlage haben
    the latest model \holds the road well when cornering das neueste Modell weist in den Kurven gutes Fahrverhalten auf
    to \hold one's sides with laughter sich dat die Seiten vor Lachen halten, sich akk vor Lachen krümmen
    ▪ to \hold sb/sth jdn/etw [aus]halten [o tragen]
    will the rope \hold my weight? wird das Seil mein Gewicht aushalten?
    to \hold one's head high ( fig) erhobenen Hauptes dastehen
    to \hold one's peace ( fig) den Mund halten fam
    to \hold oneself badly sich akk gehenlassen fam
    to \hold oneself in readiness sich akk bereithalten
    to \hold oneself upright sich akk gerade halten
    to \hold oneself well sich akk gut halten
    to \hold sb's attention [or interest] jdn fesseln
    to \hold sb [in custody]/hostage/prisoner jdn in Haft/als Geisel/gefangen halten
    to be able to \hold one's drink [or AM also liquor] Alkohol vertragen
    to \hold [on to] the lead in Führung bleiben
    to \hold sb to ransom jdn bis zur Zahlung eines Lösegelds gefangen halten
    to \hold one's course seinen Kurs [beibe]halten a. fig
    to \hold course for sth NAUT, AVIAT auf etw akk Kurs nehmen
    to \hold a note einen Ton halten
    to \hold the prices at an acceptable level die Preise auf einem vernünftigen Niveau halten
    to \hold one's serve SPORT den Aufschlag halten
    sth is \holding its value pictures, antiques etw behält seinen Wert
    to \hold sb to his/her word jdn beim Wort nehmen
    6. (delay, stop)
    ▪ to \hold sth etw zurückhalten
    we'll \hold lunch until you get here wir warten mit dem Essen, bis du hier bist
    will you \hold my calls for the next half hour, please? können Sie bitte die nächste halbe Stunde niemanden durchstellen?
    she's on the phone at the moment, will you \hold the line? sie spricht gerade, möchten Sie warten [o fam dranbleiben]?
    we'll \hold the front page until we have all the details wir halten die erste Seite frei, bis wir alle Einzelheiten haben
    \hold everything! (when sth occurs to sb) stopp!, warte!; (when sceptical) moment mal fam
    \hold it [right there]! stopp!
    ok, \hold it! PHOT gut, bleib so!
    to \hold sth in abeyance etw ruhenlassen
    to \hold one's breath die Luft anhalten
    he said he'd finish the report by tomorrow but I'm not \holding my breath ( fig) er sagte, er würde den Bericht bis morgen fertig machen, aber ich verlasse mich lieber nicht darauf
    to \hold one's fire MIL das Feuer einstellen, nicht gleich sein ganzes Pulver verschießen fig fam
    \hold your fire! nicht schießen!; ( fig)
    stop shouting at me and \hold your fire! hör auf mich anzubrüllen und reg dich ab! fam
    to \hold confiscated goods/a parcel konfiszierte Waren/ein Paket einbehalten
    ▪ to \hold sth bottle, glass, box etw fassen; COMPUT etw speichern
    one bag won't \hold all of the shopping der Einkauf passt nicht in eine Tüte
    this room \holds 40 people dieser Raum bietet 40 Personen Platz
    the CD rack \holds 100 CDs in den CD-Ständer passen 100 CDs
    my brain can't \hold so much information at one time ich kann mir nicht so viel auf einmal merken
    this hard disk \holds 13 gigabytes diese Festplatte hat ein Speichervolumen von 13 Gigabyte
    8. (involve)
    ▪ to \hold sth for sth für jdn mit etw dat verbunden sein
    fire seems to \hold a fascination for most people Feuer scheint auf die meisten Menschen eine Faszination auszuüben
    death \holds no fear for her der Tod macht ihr keine Angst
    sth \holds many disappointments/surprises etw hält viele Enttäuschungen/Überraschungen bereit
    to \hold land Land besitzen
    ▪ to \hold that... der Meinung sein, dass...
    * * *
    hold1 [həʊld] s FLUG, SCHIFF Lade-, Frachtraum m
    hold2 [həʊld]
    A s
    1. Halt m, Griff m:
    catch ( oder get, lay, seize, take) hold of sth etwas ergreifen oder in die Hand bekommen oder zu fassen bekommen oder umg erwischen;
    get hold of sb jemanden erwischen,;
    I couldn’t get hold of the money ich konnte das Geld nicht auftreiben;
    keep hold of festhalten;
    let go ( oder quit) one’s hold of sth etwas loslassen;
    miss one’s hold danebengreifen
    2. Halt m, Griff m, Stütze f:
    afford no hold keinen Halt bieten;
    lose one’s hold den Halt verlieren
    3. Ringen: Griff m:
    (with) no holds barred fig mit allen Mitteln oder Tricks;
    in politics no holds are barred fig in der Politik wird mit harten Bandagen gekämpft
    4. (on, over, of) Gewalt f, Macht f (über akk), Einfluss m (auf akk):
    get a hold on sb jemanden unter seinen Einfluss oder in seine Macht bekommen;
    get hold of o.s. sich in die Gewalt bekommen;
    have a (firm) hold on sb jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben, jemanden beherrschen;
    lose hold of o.s. die Fassung verlieren
    5. US Einhalt m:
    put a hold on sth etwas stoppen
    6. US Haft f, Gewahrsam m
    7. MUS Fermate f, Haltezeichen n
    8. Raumfahrt: Unterbrechung f des Countdown
    a) fig etwas auf Eis legen,
    b) TEL jemanden auf Warten schalten
    10. obs Festung f
    B v/t prät und pperf held [held], pperf JUR oder obs auch holden [ˈhəʊldən]
    1. (fest)halten:
    hold sb’s hand jemanden an der Hand halten;
    the goalkeeper failed to hold the ball (Fußball) der Torhüter konnte den Ball nicht festhalten
    2. sich die Nase, die Ohren zuhalten:
    hold one’s nose( ears)
    3. ein Gewicht etc tragen, (aus)halten
    4. (in einem Zustand etc) halten:
    hold o.s. erect sich gerade halten;
    hold (o.s.) ready (sich) bereithalten;
    the way he holds himself (so) wie er sich benimmt;
    with one’s head held high hoch erhobenen Hauptes
    5. (zurück-, ein)behalten:
    hold the shipment die Sendung zurück(be)halten;
    hold the mustard (im Restaurant etc) bes US (bitte) ohne Senf
    6. zurück-, abhalten ( beide:
    from von), an-, aufhalten, im Zaume halten, zügeln:
    hold sb from doing sth jemanden davon abhalten, etwas zu tun;
    there is no holding him er ist nicht zu halten oder zu bändigen oder zu bremsen;
    hold the enemy den Feind aufhalten
    7. US
    a) festnehmen:
    b) in Haft halten
    8. SPORT sich erfolgreich gegen einen Gegner verteidigen
    9. jemanden festlegen (to auf akk):
    hold sb to his word jemanden beim Wort nehmen
    10. a) Wahlen, eine Versammlung, eine Pressekonferenz etc abhalten
    b) ein Fest etc veranstalten
    c) eine Rede halten
    d) SPORT eine Meisterschaft etc austragen
    11. einen Kurs etc beibehalten:
    hold prices at the same level die Preise (auf dem gleichen Niveau) halten;
    hold the pace SPORT das Tempo halten
    12. Alkohol vertragen:
    hold one’s liquor ( oder drink) well eine ganze Menge vertragen;
    he can’t hold his liquor er verträgt nichts
    13. a) MIL und fig eine Stellung halten, behaupten:
    hold one’s own (with) sich behaupten (gegen), bestehen (neben);
    hold the stage fig die Szene beherrschen, im Mittelpunkt stehen (Person); → fort 1, ground1 A 7, stage A 3
    b) Tennis: seinen Aufschlag halten, durchbringen
    14. innehaben:
    a) Land, Rechte etc besitzen: → account C 1
    b) ein Amt etc bekleiden
    15. einen Platz etc einnehmen, (inne)haben, einen Rekord halten:
    hold an academic degree einen akademischen Titel führen
    16. fassen:
    a) enthalten:
    b) Platz bieten für, unterbringen:
    this hall holds 800 in diesen Saal gehen 800 Personen
    17. enthalten, fig auch zum Inhalt haben:
    the room holds period furniture das Zimmer ist mit Stilmöbeln eingerichtet;
    the place holds many memories der Ort ist voll von Erinnerungen;
    each picture holds a memory mit jedem Bild ist eine Erinnerung verbunden;
    it holds no pleasure for him er findet kein Vergnügen daran;
    life holds many surprises das Leben ist voller Überraschungen
    18. Bewunderung, Sympathie etc hegen, haben ( beide:
    for für):
    hold no prejudice kein Vorurteil haben
    19. behaupten:
    hold (the view) that … die Ansicht vertreten oder der Ansicht sein, dass …
    20. halten für, betrachten als:
    I hold him to be a fool ich halte ihn für einen Narren;
    it is held to be wise man hält es für klug ( to do zu tun)
    21. halten:
    hold sb dear jemanden lieb haben;
    hold sb responsible jemanden verantwortlich machen; → contempt 1, esteem B
    22. besonders JUR entscheiden ( that dass)
    23. die Zuhörer etc fesseln, in Spannung halten:
    hold sb’s attention jemandes Aufmerksamkeit fesseln oder wachhalten
    24. US ein Hotelzimmer etc reservieren
    25. hold to US beschränken auf (akk)
    a) jemandem etwas vorhalten oder vorwerfen,
    b) jemandem etwas übel nehmen oder nachtragen
    27. US jemandem (aus)reichen:
    28. MUS einen Ton (aus)halten
    29. hold sth over sb jemanden mit etwas einschüchtern oder erpressen
    C v/i
    1. halten, nicht (zer)reißen oder (zer)brechen
    2. stand-, aushalten, sich halten
    3. (sich) festhalten (by, to an dat)
    4. bleiben:
    hold on one’s course seinen Kurs weiterverfolgen;
    hold on one’s way seinen Weg weitergehen;
    hold onto → hold on 1, 2, 7; → fast2 B
    5. sich verhalten:
    hold still stillhalten
    6. sein Recht ableiten (of, from von)
    7. auch hold good (weiterhin) gelten, gültig sein oder bleiben:
    the rule holds of ( oder in) all cases die Regel gilt in allen Fällen
    8. anhalten, andauern:
    my luck held das Glück blieb mir treu
    9. einhalten:
    hold! halt!
    10. hold by ( oder to) jemandem od einer Sache treu bleiben
    a) übereinstimmen mit,
    b) einverstanden sein mit
    12. stattfinden
    * * *
    I noun
    (of ship) Laderaum, der; (of aircraft) Frachtraum, der
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) (grasp) halten; (carry) tragen; (keep fast) festhalten
    2) (support) [tragendes Teil:] halten, stützen, tragen [Decke, Dach usw.]; aufnehmen [Gewicht, Kraft]
    4) (grasp to control) halten [Kind, Hund, Zügel]

    hold oneself ready or in readiness — sich bereit od. in Bereitschaft halten

    hold one's head high — (fig.) (be confident) selbstbewusst sein od. auftreten; (be proud) den Kopf hoch tragen

    6) (contain) enthalten; bergen [Gefahr, Geheimnis]; (be able to contain) fassen [Liter, Personen usw.]

    the room holds ten people — in dem Raum haben 10 Leute Platz; der Raum bietet 10 Leuten Platz

    hold water — [Behälter:] wasserdicht sein; Wasser halten; (fig.) [Argument, Theorie:] stichhaltig sein, hieb- und stichfest sein

    he can/can't hold his drink or liquor — er kann etwas/nichts vertragen

    8) (possess) besitzen; haben
    9) (have gained) halten [Rekord]; haben [Diplom, Doktorgrad]
    10) (keep possession of) halten [Stützpunkt, Stadt, Stellung]; (Mus.): (sustain) [aus]halten [Ton]

    hold one's own — (fig.) sich behaupten

    hold one's position — (fig.) auf seinem Standpunkt beharren

    11) (occupy) innehaben, (geh.) bekleiden [Posten, Amt, Stellung]

    hold the line — (Teleph.) am Apparat bleiben

    12) (engross) fesseln, (geh.) gefangen halten [Aufmerksamkeit, Publikum]

    hold the ladder steady — die Leiter festhalten; see also bay III 1.; ransom 1.

    14) (detain) (in custody) in Haft halten, festhalten; (imprison) festsetzen; inhaftieren; (arrest) festnehmen

    hold somebody to the terms of the contract/to a promise — darauf bestehen, dass jemand sich an die Vertragsbestimmungen hält/dass jemand ein Versprechen hält od. einlöst

    16) (Sport): (restrict)

    hold one's opponent [to a draw] — ein Unentschieden [gegen den Gegner] halten od. verteidigen

    17) (cause to take place) stattfinden lassen; abhalten [Veranstaltung, Konferenz, Gottesdienst, Sitzung, Prüfung]; veranstalten [Festival, Auktion]; austragen [Meisterschaften]; führen [Unterhaltung, Gespräch, Korrespondenz]; durchführen [Untersuchung]; geben [Empfang]; halten [Vortrag, Rede]
    18) (restrain) [fest]halten

    hold one's fire — [noch] nicht schießen; (fig.): (refrain from criticism) mit seiner Kritik zurückhalten

    19) (coll.): (withhold) zurückhalten

    hold it! — [einen] Moment mal!; see also horse 1)

    20) (think, believe)

    hold a view or an opinion — eine Ansicht haben (on über + Akk.)

    hold that... — dafürhalten, dass...; der Ansicht sein, dass...

    hold somebody/oneself guilty/blameless — jemanden/sich für schuldig/unschuldig halten ( for an + Dat.)

    hold something against somebody — jemandem etwas vorwerfen; see also dear 1. 1); responsible 1)

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (not give way) [Seil, Nagel, Anker, Schloss, Angeklebtes:] halten; [Damm:] [stand]halten
    2) (remain unchanged) anhalten; [an]dauern; [Wetter:] sich halten, so bleiben; [Angebot, Versprechen:] gelten

    hold to something — bei etwas bleiben; an etwas (Dat.) festhalten

    hold [good or true] — gelten; Gültigkeit haben

    3. noun
    1) (grasp) Griff, der

    grab or seize hold of something — etwas ergreifen

    get or lay or take hold of something — etwas fassen od. packen

    take hold — (fig.) sich durchsetzen; [Krankheit:] fortschreiten

    get hold of something — (fig.) etwas bekommen od. auftreiben

    get hold of somebody — (fig.) jemanden erreichen

    have a hold over somebody — jemanden in der Hand halten; see also catch 1. 1)

    2) (influence) Einfluss, der (on, over auf + Akk.)
    3) (Sport) Griff, der

    there are no holds barred — (fig.) alles ist erlaubt

    4) (thing to hold by) Griff, der
    5)

    put on hold — auf Eis legen [Plan, Programm]

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (keep) something in suspense expr.
    etwas in der Schwebe halten ausdr.
    im ungewissen lassen ausdr. (point) something out to someone expr.
    jemandem etwas entgegenhalten ausdr. (a meeting, etc.) v.
    abhalten (Treffen, Versammlung) v. (possess) v.
    innehaben v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: held)
    = abhalten (Treffen) v.
    beibehalten v.
    bereithalten v.
    enthalten v.
    festhalten v.
    halten v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)

    English-german dictionary > hold

  • 18 share

    1. noun
    1) (portion) Teil, der od. das; (part one is entitled to)

    [fair] share — Anteil, der

    he had a large share in bringing it about — er hatte großen Anteil daran, dass es zustande kam

    have a share in the profits — am Gewinn beteiligt sein

    do more than one's [fair] share of the work — mehr als seinen Teil zur Arbeit beitragen

    have more than one's [fair] share of the blame/attention — mehr Schuld zugewiesen bekommen/mehr Beachtung finden, als man verdient

    she had her share of luck/bad luck — sie hat aber auch Glück/Pech gehabt

    2) (part-ownership of property) [Geschäfts]anteil, der; (part of company's capital) Aktie, die

    hold shares in a company — (Brit.) Anteile od. Aktien einer Gesellschaft besitzen

    2. transitive verb
    teilen; gemeinsam tragen [Verantwortung]

    share the same birthday/surname — am gleichen Tag Geburtstag/den gleichen Nachnamen haben

    3. intransitive verb

    share in — teilnehmen an (+ Dat.); beteiligt sein an (+ Dat.) [Gewinn, Planung]; teilen [Freude, Erfahrung]

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91471/share_out">share out
    * * *
    [ʃeə] 1. noun
    1) (one of the parts of something that is divided among several people etc: We all had a share of the cake; We each paid our share of the bill.) der Anteil
    2) (the part played by a person in something done etc by several people etc: I had no share in the decision.) der Anteil
    3) (a fixed sum of money invested in a business company by a shareholder.) Beteiligung
    2. verb
    1) ((usually with among, between, with) to divide among a number of people: We shared the money between us.) teilen
    2) (to have, use etc (something that another person has or uses); to allow someone to use (something one has or owns): The students share a sitting-room; The little boy hated sharing his toys.) sich teilen
    3) ((sometimes with in) to have a share of with someone else: He wouldn't let her share the cost of the taxi.) sich beteiligen an
    •
    - shareholder
    - share and share alike
    * * *
    [ʃeəʳ, AM ʃer]
    I. n
    1. (part) Teil m, Anteil m; of food Portion f
    she's not doing her \share of the work sie macht ihren Teil der Arbeit nicht
    he should take his \share of the blame for what happened er sollte die Verantwortung für seine Mitschuld am Geschehen übernehmen
    the lion's \share of sth der Löwenanteil von etw dat
    \share of the market Marktanteil m
    \share of the vote Stimmenanteil m
    to go \shares on sth sich dat die Kosten für etw akk teilen
    to have one's \share of sth ( also fig) seinen Teil von etw dat abbekommen haben
    they've had their \share of trouble in the past sie hatten einst auch ihr Päckchen zu tragen dat
    to have more than one's \share of sth mehr von etw dat haben, als einem zusteht
    to have had one's fair \share of sth ( iron) etw reichlich abbekommen haben
    to have had more than one's fair \share ( iron) etw mehr als genug haben fam
    ▪ a \share in sth ein Anteil m an etw dat
    to give sb a \share in sth jdn an etw dat beteiligen [o teilhaben lassen]
    to have a \share in sth an etw dat teilhaben
    2. usu pl (in company) Anteil m, Aktie f, Beteiligungstitel m
    stocks and \shares Wertpapiere pl, Effekten pl
    earnings per \share Gewinn m pro Aktie
    A \share A-Aktie f
    ordinary [or BRIT equity] \share Stammaktie f
    deferred ordinary \share Nachzugsaktie f
    listed [or quoted] \share börsennotierte Aktie
    unlisted [or unquoted] \share nicht notierte Aktie
    index of \shares BRIT Aktienindex m
    II. vi
    1. (with others) teilen
    you must learn to \share du musst lernen zu teilen
    we don't mind sharing if there aren't enough copies for everyone wir teilen gern, falls es nicht genügend Exemplare für alle gibt
    there aren't enough rooms for the children to have one each, so they have to \share es sind nicht genügend Zimmer für jedes Kind vorhanden — sie müssen sie sich eben teilen
    \share and \share alike gerecht teilen
    ▪ to \share with sb mit jdm teilen
    ▪ to \share in sth an etw dat teilhaben
    as he found the money he should \share in the reward da er das Geld gefunden hat, sollte er etwas von der Belohnung abbekommen
    to \share in sb's joy/sorrow/triumph die Freude/den Kummer/den Triumph mit jdm teilen
    ▪ to \share in sth an etw dat beteiligt sein
    4. (to be open with sb about sth)
    I didn't want to \share that... ich wollte nicht, dass jemand wusste, dass...
    III. vt
    ▪ to \share sth etw teilen
    shall we \share the driving? sollen wir uns beim Fahren abwechseln?
    to \share the expenses sich dat die Kosten teilen
    to \share resources Mittel gemeinsam nutzen
    to \share responsibility Verantwortung gemeinsam tragen
    ▪ to \share sth among [or between] sb etw unter jdm verteilen
    ▪ to \share sth with sb etw mit jdm teilen
    I \shared a flat with Sue when we were at university als wir an der Uni waren, hatte ich mit Sue eine gemeinsame Wohnung
    2. (have in common)
    ▪ to \share sth etw gemeinsam haben
    to \share a birthday am gleichen Tag Geburtstag haben
    to \share [common] characteristics Gemeinsamkeiten haben
    to \share sb's concern jds Besorgnis teilen
    to \share an experience eine gemeinsame Erfahrung haben
    to \share an interest ein gemeinsames Interesse haben
    to want to \share one's life with sb sein Leben mit jdm teilen wollen
    to \share sb's sorrow jds Kummer teilen
    to \share sb's view [or belief] jds Ansicht [o Meinung] teilen
    ▪ to \share sth with sb information, news etw an jdn weitergeben
    to \share one's problems/thoughts with sb jdm seine Probleme/Gedanken anvertrauen
    to \share a joke einen Witz zum Besten geben
    to \share a secret [with sb] jdn in ein Geheimnis einweihen
    4.
    ▶ a problem \shared is a problem halved ( prov) geteiltes Leid ist halbes Leid prov
    * * *
    I [ʃɛə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= portion) Anteil m (in or of an +dat)

    we want fair shares for all — wir wollen, dass gerecht geteilt wird

    I want my fair share — ich will meinen (An)teil, ich will, was mir zusteht

    your share is £5 — du bekommst £ 5, du musst £ 5 bezahlen

    to take one's share of the proceeds — sich (dat) seinen Anteil am Gewinn nehmen

    to do one's share — sein( en) Teil or das Seine tun or beitragen

    2) (FIN general) (Geschäfts)anteil m; (in a public limited company) Aktie f

    to hold shares in a company — (Geschäfts)anteile pl/Aktien pl eines Unternehmens besitzen

    2. vt
    1) (= divide) teilen; (= have in common also) gemeinsam haben; responsibility gemeinsam tragen

    they share a room — sie teilen ein Zimmer, sie haben ein gemeinsames Zimmer

    2) (COMPUT) file gemeinsam nutzen; (in network) freigeben
    3. vi

    there was only one room free so we had to share — es gab nur noch ein freies Zimmer, also mussten wir es uns teilen

    children have to learn to share — Kinder müssen lernen, mit anderen zu teilen

    2)

    to share in sth — sich an etw (dat) beteiligen; in profit an etw (dat) beteiligt werden; in enthusiasm etw teilen; in success, sorrow an etw (dat) Anteil nehmen

    II
    n (AGR)
    (Pflug)schar f
    * * *
    share1 [ʃeə(r)]
    A s
    1. (An)Teil m (of an dat):
    fall to sb’s share jemanden zufallen;
    have a share in beteiligt sein an (dat);
    for my share für meinen Teil;
    share of the market Marktanteil
    2. (An)Teil m, Beitrag m, Kontingent n:
    do one’s share seinen Teil leisten (of bei);
    go shares with sb mit jemandem (gerecht) teilen ( in sth etwas);
    have ( oder take) a large share in großen Anteil haben an (dat);
    take a share in sich beteiligen an (dat); → cake A 1, pie2
    3. WIRTSCH Beteiligung f, Geschäftsanteil m, Kapitaleinlage f:
    share in a ship Schiffspart m
    4. WIRTSCH
    a) Gewinnanteil m
    b) besonders Br Aktie f:
    hold shares in a company Aktionär(in) einer Gesellschaft sein
    c) Kux m, Bergwerksaktie f
    B v/t
    1. (auch fig sein Bett, eine Ansicht, das Schicksal etc) teilen ( with mit):
    they shared second place sie kamen gemeinsam auf den zweiten Platz;
    they shared the lead SPORT sie waren oder lagen gemeinsam in Führung;
    we share the view that … wir sind übereinstimmend der Meinung, dass …; → responsibility 2
    2. meist share out (among) ver-, austeilen (unter oder an akk), zuteilen (dat)
    3. teilnehmen oder -haben an (dat), sich an den Kosten etc beteiligen:
    shared gemeinsam, Gemeinschafts…
    C v/i
    1. share in → B 3
    2. teilen:
    share and share alike brüderlich teilen;
    share in sich teilen in (akk)
    share2 [ʃeə(r)] s AGR, TECH (Pflug) Schar f:
    share beam Pflugbaum m
    sh. abk
    1. WIRTSCH share
    4. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (portion) Teil, der od. das; (part one is entitled to)

    [fair] share — Anteil, der

    he had a large share in bringing it about — er hatte großen Anteil daran, dass es zustande kam

    do more than one's [fair] share of the work — mehr als seinen Teil zur Arbeit beitragen

    have more than one's [fair] share of the blame/attention — mehr Schuld zugewiesen bekommen/mehr Beachtung finden, als man verdient

    she had her share of luck/bad luck — sie hat aber auch Glück/Pech gehabt

    2) (part-ownership of property) [Geschäfts]anteil, der; (part of company's capital) Aktie, die

    hold shares in a company — (Brit.) Anteile od. Aktien einer Gesellschaft besitzen

    2. transitive verb
    teilen; gemeinsam tragen [Verantwortung]

    share the same birthday/surname — am gleichen Tag Geburtstag/den gleichen Nachnamen haben

    3. intransitive verb

    share in — teilnehmen an (+ Dat.); beteiligt sein an (+ Dat.) [Gewinn, Planung]; teilen [Freude, Erfahrung]

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (in) n.
    Anteil -e (an) m. n.
    Aktie -n f.
    Anteil -e m.
    Beteiligung f.
    Quote -n f. v.
    gemeinsam benutzen ausdr.
    teilen v.

    English-german dictionary > share

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

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